Chlorhexidine is a cationic bisbiguanide with broad antibacterial activity, and diverse activity encompassing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes, and some lipophilic viruses. Chlorhexidine alters the permeability of the bacterial membrane. They also neutralize periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia. Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured to isolate the Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membranes (OPG). Also, OPG were used to prepare large unilamellar liposomes with total lipids (OPGTL) extracted and prepared with the phospholipids mixture (PL). The effect of chlorhexidine digluconate on cell membrane kinetic changes was investigated using fluorescence polarization of n-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acid with different rotational mobility depending on the probe substitution position (n) in the membrane phospholipid aliphatic chain. Chlorhexidine digluconate increased the hydrocarbon rotational mobility interior of the OPG, OPGTL and PL, but native and model membranes interfacial mobility were decreased. The sensitivity to increasing chlorhexidine digluconate effect on rotational mobility was proportional to the depth of probe position in descending order of 16-AP, 12-AS, 6-AS and 9-AS. Chlorhexidine digluconate disordering or ordering the effects on the membrane lipids may cause its bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal actions.

Chlorhexidine has long been used in mouth washes for the control of dental caries, gingivitis and dental plaque. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial substance to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Concentrations lower than the MIC are called sub minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs). Many studies have reported that sub-MICs of antimicrobial substances can affect the virulence of bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sub-MIC chlorhexidine on biofilm formation and coaggregation of oral early colonizers, such as Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces odontolyticus. The biofilm formation of S. gordonii, A. naeslundii and A. odontolyticus was not affected by sub-MIC chlorhexidine. However, the biofilm formation of S. mutans increased after incubation with sub-MIC chlorhexidine. In addition, cell surface hydrophobicity of S. mutans treated with sub-MIC of chlorhexidine, decreased when compared with the group not treated with chlorhexidine. However, significant differences were seen with other bacteria. Coaggregation of A. naeslundii with A. odontolyticus reduced by sub-MIC chlorhexidine, whereas the coaggreagation of A. naeslundii with S. gordonii remained unaffected. These results indicate that sub-MIC chlorhexidine could influence the binding properties, such as biofilm formation, hydrophobicity and coaggregation, in early colonizing streptococci and actinomycetes.

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of medi- cal shampoo containing terbinafine hydrochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate in dogs with dermatophytos is complicated with bacterial infection. Although several stud- ies in dogs and cats with fungal dermatitis have found that oral administration of terbinafine is effective for controlling clinical signs, the topical form of terbinafine has rarely been studied in dogs and cats. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of medical shampoo containing terbinafine hy- drochloride and chlorhexidine gluconate in dogs with der- matophytos is complicated with bacterial infection. Eight dogs infected with Microsporum spp. complicated with bacterial infection were enrolled in this study. These dogs were further blindly divided into Group 1 (no treatment, fourdogs) and group 2 (treated with medical shampoo with terbinafine/chlorhexidine, four dogs). Clinical improvement was evaluated using bacterial and fungal cultural evaluation combined with clinical evaluation. This study found that the medical shampoo has sufficient efficacy to treat varying degrees of dermatophytosis complicated with bacterial in- fection in dogs, although the speed of improvement differed according to the degree and type of infection. Our study also found that combined therapy using antifungal and antibac- terial agents can improve clinical signs more effectively and rapidly, suggesting that concurrent bacterial infection plays a significant role in the development of dermatitis.

목적: 인공 누액은 눈의 습윤성을 향상시키기 위한 중요한 재료로 사용된다. 클로르헥시딘 글루콘산염 은 인공 누액에 사용되는 일반적인 재료 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 하이드로젤 콘택트렌즈에 미치는 클로르헥시딘 글루콘산염을 포함한 인공누액의 영향을 다양한 조건에서 분석 하였다. 방법: 본 연구에 사용된 친수성 하이드로젤 콘택트렌즈의 제조를 위해 HEMA(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)와 교차결합제인EGDMA(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)를 기본 조합으로 사용하여 참조물 을 제조하였다. 재료의 중합을 위해 oven을 통한 열중합 방식을 사용하였으며, cast mould 방법을 사용하여 하이드로젤 콘택트렌즈를 성형하였다. 열중합 조건으로는 교반된 단량체를 몰드에 주입시키고80℃에서 약 1 시간 30분, 100℃에서 약 40분 열처리 공정을 거쳐 중합을 완성하였다. 공중합된 콘택트렌즈를0.9%의 염화나트륨 생리 식염수에 24시간 수화시킨 후 인공누액에 1시간, 2시간, 그리고 72시간 각각 침지시켰다. 결과: 제조된 콘택트렌즈의 기본 물성을 측정한 결과 함수율 26.38~48.22%, 굴절률 1.422~1.455, 가 시광선 투과율 90.0~91.4%로 나타났으며 접촉각은 42.00~70.09°의 범위로 나타났다. 또한 제조된 콘택트 렌즈를 인공누액에 침지시킨 후 측정한 물리적 특성은 함수율 26.39~49.19%, 굴절률 1.420~1.455, 가시광 선 투과율 91.2~87.0%로 나타났으며 접촉각은 29.55~67.16°의 범위로 나타났다. 수화시간에 따른 물성 변 화는 굴절률의 감소, 함수율의 증가 및 접촉각의 감소를 나타내었다. 결론: 안구 내의 습윤성을 향상시키는데 사용되는 클로르헥시딘 글루콘산염을 포함한 인공누액은 친수 성 하이드로젤 콘택트렌즈의 함수율, 굴절률, 접촉각, 그리고 광투과율에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.