Fluorescent probe were used to evaluate the effects of catechin on the structural parameters (annular lipid fluidity, transbilayer lateral and rotational mobility and protein clustering) of the Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane (OPGs). An experimental procedure was used on the basis of selective quenching of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and 1,3-di(1-pyrenyl)propane (Py-3-Py) by trinitrophenyl groups and radiationless energy transfer from the tryptophans of membrane proteins to Py-3-Py and DPH. Catechin increased the bulk lateral and rotational mobility, annular lipid fluidity of OPGs lipid bilayers, and had greater fluidizing efficacy on the outer monolayer than the inner monolayer. It also caused membrane proteins to cluster. Based on these effects of catechin on OPGs, the antibacterial and antiviral actions of catechin can be partially explained.

Chlorhexidine is a cationic bisbiguanide with broad antibacterial activity, and diverse activity encompassing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes, and some lipophilic viruses. Chlorhexidine alters the permeability of the bacterial membrane. They also neutralize periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia. Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured to isolate the Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membranes (OPG). Also, OPG were used to prepare large unilamellar liposomes with total lipids (OPGTL) extracted and prepared with the phospholipids mixture (PL). The effect of chlorhexidine digluconate on cell membrane kinetic changes was investigated using fluorescence polarization of n-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acid with different rotational mobility depending on the probe substitution position (n) in the membrane phospholipid aliphatic chain. Chlorhexidine digluconate increased the hydrocarbon rotational mobility interior of the OPG, OPGTL and PL, but native and model membranes interfacial mobility were decreased. The sensitivity to increasing chlorhexidine digluconate effect on rotational mobility was proportional to the depth of probe position in descending order of 16-AP, 12-AS, 6-AS and 9-AS. Chlorhexidine digluconate disordering or ordering the effects on the membrane lipids may cause its bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal actions.

Herbal medicine has been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced today. Modern medicine makes use of many plant-derived compounds as the basis for pharmaceutical drugs. In traditionally, Achyranthes aspera, Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seed and Acanthopanax senticosus have been used for the treatment and prevention of bone-related diseases. In this study, we investigated the pharmacological effect of mixture of Achyranthes aspera, Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seed and Acanthopanax senticosus and the other herbs. Two types of enzymes were used to enhance the extraction components of amino acid, mineral content, free sugar, and flavor recovery in extracting natural herbal mixtures(NME). We evaluated regulation of osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red S staining and RT-PCR. The CCK-8 assay indicated that NME had no cytotoxicity but increased cell survival. In addition, NME promoted the mineralization and expression of osteogenic differention marker genes in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Therefore, NME has an effect of promoting proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is the most common malignancy of oral cavity, and the sixth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. This tumor type is associated with poor prognosis, and most OSCC patients are diagnosed after the cancer has reached an advanced stage. The over expression of NF-κB p65 has been associated with OSCC progression and lymph node metastasis. Hence, the present study analyzed the expression of NF-κB p65 in OSCC from Korean patients. Immunohistochemistry for NF-κB p65 was performed using 12 normal oral mucosas (NOM), 16 oral leukoplakia (with/without dysplasia), and 58 OSCC patients samples. Immunoreactivity was semi-quantitatively scored and the correlation between the expression of NF-κB p65 and clinicopathological parameters of OSCC patients was analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that NF-κB p65 expression level increased in oral leukoplakia with dysplasia and OSCC. Moreover, the immunoexpression of NF-κB p65 appeared to be associated with age, recurrence, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis in OSCC patients (p<0.05). These results indicated that NF-κB p65 can play a role as oncogene in OSCC. Moreover, NF-κB p65 may play an important role in both oral carcinogenesis and OSCC patient outcome. It may be considered as another new malignant biomarker of OSCC.