Temperature correction trans-membrane pressure (TC-TMP) is frequently used as a fouling index in membrane water treatment plants. TC-TMP equation is derived based on an assumption that the total membrane resistance (i.e. the sum of the intrinsic membrane resistance and fouling resistance) is not affected by temperature. This work verified the validity of this assumption using microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with and without fouling. The foulants used in the work were kaolin (inorganic) and humic acid (organic). The intrinsic resistances of MF and UF membranes remains at constant values regardless of temperature change. When the same amount of foulants were accumulated on the membrane, inorganic fouling resistance with kaolin was constant regardless of temperature change while organic fouling resistance with humic acid decreased at higher temperatures, which means that TC-TMP cannot be used as a fouling index when organic fouling occurs in a real field application. Since TC-TMP underestimates the amount of fouling at higher temperatures, more attention should be necessary in the operation of membrane water treatment plant in a hotter season like summer.

우리 사회의 지속적인 노력에도 불구하고 여전히 10대 소년들에 의한 범죄가 줄지 않고 있다. 소년법에서는 범죄소년 외에도 촉법소년과 우범소년을 정의하여 사전 범죄예방과 재범방지를 위한 각종 대책을 마련하고, 그 목적달성을 위하여 경찰, 검찰, 소년원을 비롯한 교정기관, 보호관찰소 및 지역사회기관들이 소년들의 범죄예방하고 재범을 방지하기 위하여 노력하고 있지만 소년범죄는 더욱 지능화되고 조직화 되어가는 등, 우리 사회에서 심각한 정도에 이르고 있는 실정이다. 한 연구자료에 의하면 2008년 당시 강력범죄를 저지른 소년원생수는 33명이었지만, 2012년도에는 128명으로 5년 동안 약 3.8배가 증가하였다. 청소년 범죄에 있어서 비교적 자주 발생하며, 많은 범죄율을 차지하고 있는 재산범죄도 같은 시기 77명에서 184명으로 약 2.3배 증가하는 등, 소년범죄율이 매우 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 소년범죄의 증가에 대한 대책의 일환으로 법무부는 촉법소년의 기준은 현행 14세미만에서 12세미만으로 낮추는 방안을 마련 중이며, 그 처벌을 강화해 나가는 추세에 있다. 하지만 이러한 법무부의 태도는 소년이라는 특수성을 고려하여 특별히 보호하고 있는 현행법의 태도나 세계적 경향과 배치되는 것이며, 처벌의 강화만으로는 범죄를 줄일 수 없다는 범죄학의 연구결과에 반하는 것이기도 하다. 소년들은 성장과정에 있으며, 환경의 영향을 많이 받기 때문에 여러 가지 환경과 조건의 변화를 통해 얼마든지 교화개선이 가능하다. 따라서 교정단계에서도 지속적인 관심과 사랑 및 교육을 통해 범죄라는 끈을 끊어버리고, 우리 사회로 복귀할 수 있는 길을 열어주려는 노력이 요구된다. 따라서 소년범들에 대한 교정교화가 실효적으로 이루어질 수 있는 대책과 방안으로서 교정처우 담당기관의 설치와 소년분류심사원의 확대 재설치, 사회적 처우의 청소년 쉼터 활성화를 제안하고, 소년업무를 담당하는 소년교정보호 전문인력직을 신설과 더불어 현재 보호직 공무원과 교정직 공무원의 선발시험을 개편안을 제안하였고, 끝으로 사회적 처우을 위한 다양한 프로그램을 개설할 것을 제안하였다.

This thesis deals with some problems on the revision of current The Penal Execution Act. By the draft for revision, made public by the ministry of justice, the purpose of revision-draft comprises some principles of prohibition of illegitimate discrimination of prisoners, strengthening the right of presumption of innocence of the convicted, rationalization and individualization of the correctional programs, widening the chances of consulting with relating professionals about the prison administration especially corrections, classification and assignment of facilities in our national penitentiaries' system, recommendation of some high tech security equipment. To the public, corrections are generally understood that the purpose of corrections is to carry out the sentence of the court, with various correctional components handling specific types of sentences. Some components are devoted to providing pretrial services for those entering the criminal justice system. Other components, such as jails, handle individuals of both pre-and post conviction status. The majority of correctional components deal with persons who have appeared before the court and have been found guilty of one or more crimes. Corrections refers to the programs, services, agencies, institutions responsible for supervising persons charged with or convicted of crimes. A paradigm is a model or a way of viewing an aspect of life such as education, politics, medicin, the criminal system. A paradigm shift can make a new way of thinking about a given subject, corrections. Recently paradigm shift recommended for corrections include doing justice, promoting secure communities, restoring crime victims and noncriminal options. Finally, we come to the conclusion that revision of the Penal Execution Act seeks to use a balanced approach involving offenders, victims, local communities and government in alleviating crime and violence and peaceful communities.

The fundamental purpose of modern correctional treatment can be to surely make convicts return to society through individualization of treatment. However, it seems individualization of treatment may not be so helpful for convicts in returning to society unless it is the most appropriate and rational individual treatment that considers their property and character on the basis of exact understanding on each convict. Especially, as individual personality and property is emphasized and persons with different view of life, view of world and sense of value are living together nowadays, it seems almost impossible to return convicts to society merely through individualization of treatment, ignoring the fact that ‘proper sphere of character’ exists. Thus, seeking the method of correctional treatment appropriate to the age of individualization like the present time seems to be the most important task of modern correctional administration. The concept of individualization of treatment can be said to be established on the basis of ‘rational sense of human being’ that has ruled so far since the 17th century. Rational sense of human being may be image of human being that overlooks the fact that ‘proper sphere of character’ unique to each person obviously exists by grasping human being merely with abstract concept that human being is 'free and rational individual.' However, returning convicts to society through individualization of treatment based on rational sense of human being will be inevitably subject to regular limit. Therefore, it seems that so-called ‘personification of treatment’ is necessary which is based on the premise that each person has ‘proper sphere of character’ in the age of individualization like the present time. Needless to say, it may not be so easy to clearly define what ‘personification of treatment’ is and what it should be. Thus, it may be necessary to first find method to secure conversation and trust between characters or between individual character and community (society or correction authorities) before defining the concept of ‘personification of treatment.’ It is true that the correctional treatment has treated convicts not as ‘principal of correction’ or ‘partner of conversation’ but as ‘object of correction’ or ‘object of treatment’ thus far. I think that this is why so-called ‘personification of treatment’ is not realized which considers the property and character of convicts, based on the exact understanding on each of them. Therefore, in order to efficiently achieve the purpose of returning convicts to society in the present time, it is required to recognize convicts as ‘principal of correction’ or ‘partner of conversation’ and to enforce ‘personification of treatment’ on the basis of the fact that they also have ‘proper sphere of character.’