일본의 28개 전 국립공원에 있어서 언제, 어디서, 어떠한 경관파괴나 침해문제가 발생하였는가 그 특성을 파악하기 위하여 자연환경 전문지를 대상으로 문헌조사하여 문제발생을 요인별, 지역별 그리고 시기별로 정리, 분석하였다. 그 결과, 경관파괴나 침해를 발생시킨 요인으로는 대규모 댐건설, 임업에 의한 작업, 각종 관광시설의 정비, 공원이용자에 의해 발새오디는 문제, 공원계획과 관리상에서 발생되는 문제 등의 8가지 요인군으로 지적할 수 있었다. 한편, 시기별로는 경관문제의 발생건수나 특정지역에서 집중적으로 발생하는 등 4기(1960~1967, 1968~1975, 1976~1985, 1990초반)로 구분할 수 있었고, 특히, 1960년대 후반부터 1970년대 전반에 걸쳐서는 전국적으로 모든 국립공원에서 다양한 경관문제가 발생하였다. 지역별 특성은 本州 중앙(관동지방, 중부지방)에 위치하는 부상상한윤두, 日光, 中部山岳 등의 국립공원에서 경관문제가 다른 지역에 비하여 지속적으로 많이 발생했다. 그 원인으로는 이용객의 지속적인 증가, 고도성장과 산업발전, 국민관광 레크레이션붐, 관광시설의 대규모화, 삼림벌채 등의 임업작업, 1962년과 1969년 2회에 걸친 전국종합개발계획의 실시, 임해매립지에 의한 대규모 공업단지 조성, 모터제너레이션의 발달 등이 활발히 이루어진 사회적 배경 등을 지적할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate dogs' sociality toward human strangers in the absence of an owner by analyzing changes in dogs' behavior during a task of making eye contact with an experimenter to obtain snacks. A total of 17 dogs were divided into groups of high sociality (HS; n = 10, 4.4 ± 3.87 years) and low-sociality (LS; n = 7, 3.71 ± 2.06 years). A comparison of the average frequency of five behavioral types-fear-appeasement behaviors (P<0.001), sociability-related behaviors (P<0.001), stress-related behaviors (P<0.05), destruction (P < 0.001), and vocalization (P < 0.001)-between the groups showed a significant difference in all five categories. Together, these results suggest that dogs with high sociality are less exposed to various stresses and have a higher ability to adapt to new environments than dogs with low sociality. This can predict dogs' adaptability to a new environment and positive outcomes in their daily life with the owner.

열분해와 가스화 기술은 유기성 폐자원 또는 바이오매스로부터 에너지를 회수할 수 있는 유용한 기술로 생산된 생성가스는 연소기, 가스터빈, 엔진 등의 화석 대체연료, 연료전지 연료, 메탄올과 탄화수소의 생산, 수소 및 합성천연가스 생산 원료 등 다양한 분야에 적용이 가능하다. 그러나 열분해 및 가스화 시 발생되는 가스에는 중질 탄화수소로 이루어진 타르를 포함하고 있다. 타르는 생성가스를 이용하는 후속공정에서 해결해야 할 다양한 문제를 일으키는 요인이다. 그 대표적인 예로 가스 터빈 및 내연기관에 사용하기 전에 압축 과정을 필요한데 이 과정 중 생성가스에 포함된 타르 성분은 응축되어 관로의 막힘이나 엔진 및 터빈 내부의 손상을 가져온다. 그러므로 타르의 제거는 열분해/가스화 공정에서 필요한 가스 처리기술이다. 타르의 촉매 크래킹과 개질에 의한 생성가스 전환과 같은 고온 청정가스 기술은 가스화 공정에서 타르문제를 해결하는 가장 좋은 방법으로 알려져 있다. 귀금속 촉매는 촉매 활성이 상당히 우수하나 가격이 비싸고 탄화물 참착(coke deposition)에 의한 탈활성화(deactivation)에 대하여 매우 민감한 특성을 가지고 있어 대체 방안으로 활성탄, 석탄 촤, 바이오매스 촤 등의 탄화물이 타르 크래킹이나 개질 촉매 또는 그 지지체 적용에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 상용 활성탄을 마이크로웨이브 탄소 수용체로 하여 벤젠 전환 특성을 파악하기 위하여 크래킹 분해와 이산화탄소-수증기 혼합 또는 각각에 대한 개질 전환에 대하여 실험을 진행하였다. 또한, 탄소 수용체의 촉매 담체 특성을 파악하기 위해 활성탄에 니켈과 철을 함침 코팅한 후 건조하여 만들어진 탄소 수용체 촉매에 대한 타르전환과 생성가스 특성을 파악하였다. 벤젠 전환은 크래킹만 하였을 경우 99%로 가장 크고 이산화탄소만 공급된 경우 98.5% 그 다음이고 이어서 이산화탄소-수증기가 동시에 공급된 경우 95-97% 그리고 수증기만 공급된 경우 94%의 순으로 작은 값을 가졌다. 촉매 탄소 수용체의 벤젠 전환은 이산화탄소 개질의 경우 니켈과 철 촉매 모드 미세하게 증가되었으며 H2/CO비는 감소되었으나 발열량은 증가되었다. 반면 수증기 개질의 경우 두 촉매 모두 벤젠 전환율이 다소 감소되었으나 H2/CO비와 발열량이 증가되었다.

Since 1987, the use of CFCs and HCFCs in various fields such as refrigerant of a refrigerator and a vehicle, a propellant for a spray, and a urethane foaming agent has been prohibited by Montreal protocol related to ozone depletion materials. Instead of the CFCs having a high ozone depletion potential (ODP), HFC-based refrigerants without a chlorine content were developed but determined as global warming materials. Therefore, to reduce greenhouse gas such as HFCs, including CFCs and HCFCs, having a global warming potential (GWP) of 150 or more, which is abandoned from the existing apparatus, it is required to develop a new eco-friendly, economic, and stable treatment technology. When the auxiliary fuel LPG was used at a flow of 1.0 kg/h with an air ratio of 1.1, the average temperature at the vertical section in the combustion chamber was 1,300 K, which is sufficient to destroy waste HFCs. In the waste refrigerant destruction test, the destruction ratio of waste HFCs was 100% when waste HFCs were injected at a flow of 2.8 kg/h.

Sulfur hexafluoride has an extremely high global warming potential (GWP) because of strong absorption of infraredradiation and long atmospheric lifetime which cause the global warming effect. This study is to identify the effects ofdestruction and removal efficiency of SF6 by the addition of conditioning agent (oxygen, water vapor and hydrogen) whenusing the high ionization energy. The irradiation intensity of ionization energy was 2mA, 5mA, 10mA and 15mA. TheSF6 was completely removed with H2O and H2 gas injection at 2mA. Main by-products were HF and F2 gases. HF andF2 gas formation was increased with irradiation intensity increasing. Most of the by-products of particle were sulfur andmetal sulfate.

SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride) gas has an extremely high global warming potential (GWP) because of strong absorption of infrared radiation and long atmospheric lifetime which cause the global warming effect. The objective of this study is to identify the effects of destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of SF6 by the addition of oxygen, water vapor and hydrogen. The applied dose of ionization energy was 1,028 kGy(5 mA). The initial concentrations of SF6, O2, H2O and H2 gases were 1,000 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 3,000 ppm, 3,000 ppm, respectively. The DRE was increased about 2 times with O2 gas injection. The SF6 was completely removed with H2O and H2 gas injection. By-products formed by SF6 destruction were mainly HF and F2 gases. In addition, SF2, NF3, N2O, SO2, SO2F2, and NOx gases were produced.

Destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of SF6 was tested with low degrees of ionization. The applied dose of ionization energy varied from 63.70 to 212.34 kGy. The initial concentration and flow rate of SF6 gas were 1,000 ppm and 50L/min, respectively. In order to increase the DRE, injection of conditioning agent (H2) were conducted. The DRE of SF6 increased about 2 times with injection of H2 gas.

In order to reduce roadside and indoor air pollution for volatile organic compounds VOC), it may be necessary to apply photocatalyst-coated construction materials. This study evaluated the technical feasibility of the application of TiO2 photocatalysis for the removal of VOC present in roadside or indoor air. The photocatalytic removal of five target VOC was investigated: benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and o,m,p-xylenes. Variables tested for the current study included ultraviolet(UV) light intensity coating materials, relative humidity (RH), and input concentrations. Prior to performing the parameter tests, adsorption of VOC onto the current experiment was surveyed, and no adsorption was observed. Stronger UV intensity provided higher photocatalytic destruction(PCD) efficiency of the target compounds. For higher humidity, higher PCD efficiency was observed. The PCD efficiency depended on coating material. Contrary to certain previous findings, lower PCD efficiencies were observed for the experimental condition of higher input concentrations. The current findings suggested that the four parameters tested in the present study should be considered for the application of photocatalyst-coated construction materials in cleaning VOC of roadside or indoor air.

This study evaluated the technical feasibility of the application of TiO2 photocatalysis for the removal of volatile hydrocarbons(VHC) at low ppb concentrations commonly associated with non-occupational indoor air quality issues. A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate five parameters (relative humidity (RH), hydraulic diameter (HD), feeding type (FT) of VHC, photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) reactor material (RM), and inlet port size (IPS) of PCO reactor) for the PCO destruction efficiencies of the selected target VHC. None of the target VHC presented significant dependence on the RH, which are inconsistent with a certain previous study that reported that under conditions of low humidity and a ppm toluene inlet level, there was a drop in the PCO efficiency with decreasing humidity. However, it is noted that the four parameters (HD, RM, FT and IPS) should be considered for better VHC removal efficiencies for the application of TiO2 photocatalytic technology for cleansing non-occupational indoor air. The PCO destruction of VHC at concentrations associated with non-occupational indoor air quality issues can be up to nearly 100%. The amount of CO generated during PCO were a negligible addition to the indoor CO levels. These abilities can make the PCO reactor an important tool in the effort to improve non-occupational indoor air quality.