본고의 연구대상은 서예의 이론적 개념이지만 연구방법은 창작과정의 경험을 바탕으로 노봉(露鋒), 장봉(藏鋒), 과봉(裹 鋒)의 운필(運筆)에 대한 분석을 집중적으로 했다. 노봉은 이왕(二王) 위주의 전통적인 ‘첩파(帖派)’에서 주로 사 용했는데, 이는 위진(魏晋)시기에 시작해 지금까지 이어져 오고 있다. 장봉과 과봉은 모두 장봉에 속하지만 두 가지 측면에서 차이 가 있다. 첫째, 여기에 말하는 장봉은 필봉을 드러내지 않고 붓 을 대어 쓰는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 안진경으로 대표되는 전 주(篆籀) 필의가 이러한 용례이다. 그러나 과봉은 글씨를 쓰기 전에 필봉을 거꾸로 감싸서 글씨를 쓸 때 필봉의 마찰력을 증 가시키기 위한 방법이다. 따라서 장봉과 과봉은 붓을 다루는 동작과 목적에서 모두 큰 차이를 보인다. 둘째, 시간적으로도 차이가 있다. 장봉은 주로 장욱과 안진경 이후에 유행했으며, 중국서예사에서 여전히 ‘첩파’의 서풍에 속한다. 그러나 과봉은 청나라 ‘비파(碑派)’에서 주로 유행했으며, 과봉은 ‘비파’의 주요 한 용필법이라고 할 수 있다. 대부분의 선행연구에서 비파와 첩파의 심미기준이 대립되어 양쪽이 경쟁한다고 생각하지만 필자는 비파의 심미기준과 품평 언어는 이전의 첩파 심미안을 토대로 보완하여 확장했다고 주 장한다. 서예의 발전은 기존에 형성된 최고의 기준을 계속해서 변형하고 재성장하는 과정이기 때문이다.

This paper reviews presents the advantages and disadvantages of mediation in Chinese commercial arbitration process to resolve disputes. Mediation can be considered as a principal means for resolution of commercial disputes, both domestically and internationally. Simply, to mediate means to act as a peacemaker between dispute parties. Basically, mediation is an informal mechanism in which the disputants are assisted by a neutral third party toward settlement. The mediators are appointed in a voluntary base to help disputants manage the resolution process. They should have no direct interest in the conflict and its outcome, and no power to render a decision, but just can control the process. Meanwhile, parties are entitled to accept or reject the outcome. Mediation shares the advantages of confidentiality, flexibility, and simplicity. Dispute of disadvantages still remaining, China’s mediation system has century’s history so far. Currently, China has used mediation method in arbitral proceedings so as to improve the efficiency of dispute resolution.

This study was conducted to analyze the reasons for and advantages and disadvantages of implementing the HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system on animal farms in Korea. The study was carried out by randomly selecting 45 swine and 24 dairy farms where HACCP has been implemented. The results were as follows: 24% of the swine farmers responded that extension of their business was the major reason for implementing HACCP; the second (21%) was financial support from local or national government. Dairy farmers had similar responses. The top advantage of adopting HACCP was improvement of the welfare of employees in both swine (21%) and dairy (22%) farms. The first-ranked disadvantages of HACCP implementation were HACCP education (23%, swine farm) and high turnover of employees (24%, dairy farm). On farms, HACCP may increase the sanitation and safety levels of domestic livestock products. However, the Korean government should address the disadvantages of HACCP to encourage its adoption at the animal production stage.

At present, the payment system in Thailand changes from a paper-based system to a cashless payment system. A coin has its two sides, so the cashless payment has its advantages and disadvantages. This article describes the general advantages and disadvantages of a cashless society in Thailand in the COVID-19 situation. The cashless payment in Thailand consists of credit cards, automated teller machines, direct debit, mobile/Internet banking, e-Wallet, PromptPay, and QR code. The cashless payment is able to assist the government for tax collection accuracy and facilitates users to make financial transactions more transparent and efficient. In addition, the cashless system provides benefits to businesses in which they are able to increase sales and expand business by providing convenient, safe and faster services to customers in making payment for goods/services. It assists businesses to save time and cost of cash management and reduce the paperwork. The cashless payment made the life of students, housewives, and elderly people very easy to carry out financial transactions and there is no need to meet the financial institution staff. This payment system needs advanced technology system skills, a smartphone, and a technology facility. Finally, the cashless payment can reduce the spreading of COVID-19.

The use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in cell-based therapy has attracted extensive interest in the field of regenerative medicine, and it shows applications to numerous incurable diseases. hMSCs show several superior properties for therapeutic use compared to other types of stem cells. Different cell types are discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, with focus on the characteristics of hMSCs. hMSCs can proliferate readily and produce differentiated cells that can substitute for the targeted affected tissue. To maximize the therapeutic effects of hMSCs, a substantial number of these cells are essential, requiring extensive ex vivo cell expansion. However, hMSCs have a limited lifespan in an in vitro culture condition. The senescence of hMSCs is a double-edged sword from the viewpoint of clinical applications. Although their limited cell proliferation potency protects them from malignant transformation after transplantation, senescence can alter various cell functions including proliferation, differentiation, and migration, that are essential for their therapeutic efficacy. Numerous trials to overcome the limited lifespan of mesenchymal stem cells are discussed.