군집지수와 FD와의 상관분석 결과 FD는 군집지수 중 Shannon 다양도와 가장 높은 상관성을 보였다. 조사지점은 환경 특성에 따라 6개의 그룹으로 나누어졌으며, 고도에 따라서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 이에 따라 고도가 높은 그룹 1은 산림의 비율이 많고 좋은 수질을 보였으나 고도가 낮은 그룹 6은 수질이 양호하지 않았다. 환경 구배에 따른 조사지역 그룹과 군집지수와 FD의 연관성 분석을 위해 NMDS를 시행하였으며 그룹 1~3에서 FEve를 제외한 모든 지수가 높았다. 그룹 간의 종구성은 그룹 1~3에는 하루살이목, 날도래목, 강도래목이 높았으며, 그룹 4, 5에는 잠자리목, 딱정벌레목이 주요하게 나타났다. 생물학적 형질은 그룹 1~3에서 생식기간이 길고, 이동성이 낮은 형질 특성을 보였으며 생물의 저항력 전략을 잘 보여주었다. 반대로 그룹 4~6은 생식기간이 짧고, 이동성이 높은 회복력의 전략을 뚜렷하게 반영해 주었다. 수질의 오염도가 낮은 상류는 교란의 빈도가 적고 공간적으로 높은 이질성을 가졌으며 생물이 주로 저항성 전략을 보였으며 생물이 서식지에 오래 머무를 수 있어 기능적, 구조적 생물다양성이 높게 나타났다. 반대로 수질의 오염도가 높은 하류는 교란의 빈도가 높고 공간적으로 균질성이 높으며 생물은 주로 회복력의 전력을 보여 교란에 의해 이동하거나 회피할 수 있는 휴면기, 고치, 세포, 알 등의 독특한 형태를 갖는 반면 생물다양성은 낮게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 저서성 대형 무척추동물의 기능적 다양성은 수서 생태계 환경과의 관계를 잘 설명해 주었다. 따라서 생물의 형질을 이용한 기능적 다양성은 잠재적으로 수생태계 건강성 평가에 효과적으로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

Ecological communities have high variability with complex interactions between biological components as well as withtheir environmental factors. To characterize the properties of communities, much works used species diversity concerningtaxonomic richness. Meanwhile, functional diversity based on biological traits are frequently used in recent communitystudies. Functional diversity is the extent of functional differences among species, driving the relationship between biodiversityand ecosystem functioning. Therefore, understanding the relationship between species diversity and functional diversityis fundamental in community ecology as well as conservation biology. Many studies presented that biological traits areefficient to achieve a predictive framework for ecosystem functioning. In this study, we present the relationship betweenspecies diversity and functional diversity.

This studies was conducted to compare functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods in commercial apple orchards under conventional and organic practices. We collected terrestiral arthropods using pitfall traps in four conventional and seven organic apple orchards from April to October, 2012-2014. Sampled arthropods were identified at the species level and then classified three functional groups (detritivores, herbivores and beneficial arthropods included pollinators, parasitoids and predators). Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness, abundance and shannon index for each group and compared between conventional and organic orchards. In results, species richness of detritivores and benefical arthropods were higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards (detritivores: t=-2.68, df=9, P=0.03; beneficial arthropods: t=-3.98, df=9, P=0.003). Organic orchards showed significant difference at abundance of beneficial arthropods (t=-3.33, df=9, P=0.008) and higher shannon index at detritivores (t=-2.36, df=9, P=0.04) than conventional orchards. However, all biodiversity indices of herbivores were not significantly different between conventional and organic orchards at 95% confidence level.

This study was conducted to compare species and functional diversity of terrestrial plants among forest types by analyzing the variations in species and functional trait compositions in a large-scale natural forest ecosystem. Plant data were collected at 1,100 plots and a total of 802 plant species from 97 families and 342 genera were found along the ridge of the Baekdudaegan Mountains in South Korea. Forest types were divided into four categories including Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, other deciduous and other coniferous forest types. To analyze the variations in plant diversity among forest types, we used two species diversity indices such as species richness and the Shannon-Weaver index as well as a newly introduced functional diversity such as Rao’s index. In functional trait composition, megaphanerophyte, geophyte and hemicryptophyte were the dominant traits, whereas the relative proportion of helophyte and hydrophyte and epiphyte indicated less than 1%. In diversity patterns among forest types, species richness and diversity for total plants showed the lowest value in P. densiflora forest type, while other deciduous and Q. mongolica forest types had the highest values of species richness and diversity for woody and herbaceous plants, respectively. However, functional diversity did not depict a clear distinction among four forest types for plant groups. This study suggests that although taxonomical richness and diversity may be different among forest types, there may be no differences in functional diversity. Moreover, these indistinct patterns in functional diversity may be a result of disturbance and successional gradients compounded in a forest type in addition to the type of functional traits used for comparison and contrast among forest types. Therefore, a further study with various functional traits and different environmental gradients should be consistently evaluated to achieve a better understanding of the diversity patterns of plant communities in mountain ecosystems.