반초원의 식생이 훼손된 중국 내몽골의 간주얼 지역에서 인위적인 식물의 도입에 의하여 서로 다른 연도에 복원된 식물군락의 천이와 토양의 특성 변화를 조사하였다. 간주얼 지역의 식물군집(식피율, 식물 수고와 식물 종다양성(종수)등)의 결과들은 복원지소들이 비복원지보다 높게 나타났지만, 주변의 정상적인 대조지소들보다는 낮은 값을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 이 지역에서 생태복원으로 인하여 생태계의 구성요소가 꾸준하게 발전하고 있음을 뜻한다. 복원이 가장 오래된 2005년 지소의 경우, 식물종구성이 유사한 대조지 사이트인 초지지역의 것들과 식피율이나 식생고가 유사한 결과들을 보여 복원의 효과를 긍정적 볼 수 있으나, 식물다 양성 측면에서는 아직 대조지 초지의 것보다 높지 않았다. 2017년의 경우, 2014년 조사 시작 이래 가장 많은 종들이 고사하여 주요 우점종들의 생육이 불안정한 상태를 가시적으로도 확인할 수 있는 정도로 현지조사의 결과들이 이를 반영하고 있다. 2008년 복원지 장자송의 소지생존 성장률은 47%로 작년(100%)보다 낮아졌으며, 조사대상인 20개체 중 5개체가 고사하였다. 군락 내 식생고(식물체높이)의 결과에서는 복원지들이 모두 낮아진 결과를 보였는데, 이는 장자송, 캐나다포플러 등 주요 우점종들이 고사하여 나타난 결과이다. 이렇게 많은 식물이 고사함에도 불구하고 하층에 살아 남아 생존하는 동일수종 및 다른 식물종들은 경쟁상대가 줄어들면서 오히려 더 활력이 좋아지는 결과를 나타내기도 하였다. 이러한 결과는 복원지에서 정착된 식생의 발달은 진행 중이나 그 항목에 따라서 외부의 물리적인 환경(가뭄 등)과 같은 요인에 의하여 영향을 크게 받고 있음을 의미 한다. 식생군락과 환경요인과의 분석(CCA)결과는 비생육기 온도(11월~2월), 생육기온도(6월~8월), 토양유기물, TN, 유효인산 그리고 산화칼륨이 영향을 주는 외부의 주요 비생물학적 환경인자로 나타났다.

Grazing restoration succession of the degraded grassland is an important aspect in community ecology. Field experiment was carried out to examine how major species restore in first four years restoration following 11 consecutive grazing under different stocking rates in Inner Mongolian steppe. A. frigida and P. acaulis are the most important two species in the all treatments (NG, LG, MG and HG) after four years restoration, although they had high fluctuation. The biomasses of these two species account for 40-90% of total biomass. Especially in no grazing area, which was exclosured since 1990, A. frigida and P. acaulis are still the most important two species in the community. These results suggested A. frigida and P. acaulis conununity are quite stable, and will keep long-time if no special measurements were taken during the restoration of the degraded grassland.

To explore the relationship of species diversity and aboveground productivity in grazing ecosystem is very important to manage grassland. We used the four years' data to check this relationship and to look how abiotic factor affect species diversity and aboveground productivity. We found a good linear relationship between species diversity and aboveground productivity in all previous grazing sites, while no any relationship was found in the no grazing site. From our results, we concluded that drought affects aboveground productivity more than grazing, while heavy grazing affects species diversity more than drought in Inner Mongolian steppe.

Historical study of Korean traditional houses have been carried, mainly, based on the geographical region of Korean peninsula. However, the case of primitive houses can not be researched according to the geographical and racial concept of modern nations. This study aims to examine the primitive houses of ethnic minorities of northeastern China, where the cultural and racial background have been deeply rooted in the history of Korea as well as Korean traditional houses. Through the field research and literary materials, the basic types of primitive houses of the five ethnic minorities could be identified. Among these types, those that have possible relationship with Korean houses, are cone shaped house, underground house, and elevated wooden house. Archeological evidences of underground houses were amply found in Korea already, but above ground evidences could not be found. However, It seems quite certain that the cone shaped houses and elevated wooden houses, too, existed in Korea as one of the earliest housing types, as can be examined in remaining examples in Korean peninsula. With no doubt, the primitive houses of Korea have strong connection with that of the ethnic minorities of northeastern China. This can be verified through the facts that the evidences of cone shaped houses, the similarities of the use of Inner space, the evidences of elevated wooden houses. Also, the combination of wooden floor and ondol, which is known to be one of the strongest characteristic of Korean traditional houses, could be originated from the combination of primitive summer house, the elevated wooden house, and the winter house, the underground house with ondol.

In order to preserve the traditional garden landscape and maintain the harmony between traditional and modern gardens of Inner Mongolia, this study theoretically examined the creation and background elements of Inner Mongolia, and reviewed the nature of the people and the traditional design elements. The results of this study show that: 1) the background factor of traditional garden landscapes was nomadic life in plains, which was a lifestyle of adapting to Mother Nature and promoting mutual existence and survival; 2) Shamanism impacted the views of nature among the ancient Inner Mongolian people; 3) traditional garden landscapes could be categorized into landscapes centered around Mother Nature during the Huns era and those centered around the symbolic landscape during the Genghis Khan era; 4) aesthetic elements of traditional garden landscapes included traditional colors of red, yellow, sky-blue, milky-white, and traditional patterns of external knot, cloud, bull horn, and plain grass. These findings may provide basic data for the creation background and characteristics of traditional garden landscape of Inner Mongolia in the application of the green space design of Inner Mongolia.

In this study, we produced satellite-based drought indices such as NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index), NDWI(normalized difference water index), and NDDI(normalized difference drought index) and extracted time-series principal components from the drought indices using EOF(empirical orthogonal function) method to examine their relationships with climatic variables. We found that the first principal components of the drought indices for Sonid Right Banner, Inner Mongolia were dominant in cold seasons and were closely related to low temperature, little rainfall, and high surface albedo. The satellite-based drought indices and their EOF analyses can be utilized for the studies of cold-season drought and warm-season drought as well.