At present, China has nearly 42million Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, accounting for 99% of the total number of enterprises in China, contributing 60% of GDP to the country. The proportion of trade volume of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in international import and export trade reaches 65%. They contribute more than 51% of the tax revenue to the country and provide more than 80% of the jobs. Small and Medium-sized Enterprises have become an important force to expand employment, promote innovation, prosper economy and adjust economic structure. However, since the reform and opening up, China’s Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in the process of market economy development gradually from domestic to overseas. Through a large number of domestic Small and Medium-sized Enterprises continue to open up overseas markets to participate in international trade, which promotes the rapid growth of China’s economy, however Small and Medium-sized Enterprises are also facing a series of problems in the process of developing overseas markets. Relevant governmental subdivision needs to pay attention to this and provide help for the healthy development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises.

중국태극권의 국제화발전은 이미 하나의 사실이 되였으며 태극권의 국제화발전은 중국체육문화의 국제사회에서의 영향력을 구현하였다. 본 연구는 문헌 연구법, 탐방 법을 통해서 중국 태극권의 국제화 발전에 대해 연구하고 있다. 주요내용에는 4개 부분이 포함된다. 첫째 ，연구 배경, 연구 현황, 연구 내용, 연구 방법 등이 담겨 있다.둘째，현시기 중국태극권의 국제화발전에 존재하는 곤경을 분석하여 중외체육문화의 차이를 포함하였으며체육경기에서의 태극권의 부족,태극권은 무술파가 많고 불량한 사람과 불량한 사람이 섞여 있다.셋째，중국태극권의 국제화발전에 대한 구상을 제시한것이다.먼저, 안에, 뒤에 발전의 구상을 수립하고, 품질 발전의 구상을 수립하며, 특 색 발전의 구상을 수립한다.넷째， 중국태극권의 국제화발전방식을 모색할것을 제기한것이다.태극권을 과학적으로 분석할수 있는 우세가 포함된다. 국제화된 태극권 연구 및 발전 조직을 건립한다. 태극권문파간의 쟁의를 제거하고 태극권무술문화를 통일시켜야 한다. 국제태극권무술교류회를 많이 개최한다.

Internationalization of multinational companies in the globalized context is a popular topic in the academic world and it is also a strong concern of CEO/managers. However, this topic has not been well discussed in the academic community in Vietnam that can be contextualized in the typical transition economy. This paper is designed to explore critical success factors (CSF) of internationalization of large Vietnamese companies that have contributed major revenue from the international market. Through interviews with CEO/managers of successful companies geared toward world markets, the CSFs of internationalization have been identified and categorized into groups in which each CSF has interaction with each other, and together have combined impacts on the success of internationalization. The research results provide a conceptual framework to analyze factors affecting internationalization of large Vietnamese companies. Thank to this conceptual framework, further exploratory and/or confirmatory research can be developed to locate more success factors of internationalization. In addition, some particularly critical factors of internationalization success of Vietnamese companies are found to be useful to both CEO/ managers and policymakers. CEO/managers can benefit from the research results by concentrate their limited efforts/resources in managing these CSFs, and policymaker may design CSF-based policies to boost the internationalization of domestic companies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of internationalization on the business performance of firms in Laos as a transition economy. Using a panel dataset collected by the World Bank for 285 firms during the period 2009, 2012, and 2016 in the service and manufacturing industries, the two-steps Heckman regression results found robust evidence for the fact that the S-curve tie exists between the degree of internationalization and business performance of firms in Laos while controlling other factors. Specifically, if firms have a degree of internationalization lower than 0.4374, they will suffer losses due to the high cost of preparing for phase 1 which is market penetration. Then, when the degree of internationalization continues to increase from 0.4374 to 0.9131, firms will gain benefits from internationalization (phase 2), however, these benefits will deteriorate when the degree of internationalization is greater than 0.9131 (phase 3), meaning that firms will no longer be able to exploit economies of scale or advantages in target markets, or product cycles will fall into a state of decline. Interestingly, we also found that firms with a high concentration level of ownership and internationalization activities may achieve better performance than those with a low concentration of ownership and one which carried out internationalization activities.

International business research presents a broad consensus on the importance of dynamic capabilities in the internationalization of SMEs. However, there is a lack of research on assessing the impact of dynamic capabilities and the level of SMEs’ internationalization operating in a turbulent and dynamic business environment. This study examines the impact of environmental dynamism and three sets of dynamic capabilities, namely, sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring capabilities on internationalized SMEs’ geographic scope. In addition, this research examines the association between internationalized SMEs’ characteristics: SME’s age, size, and SME owner/manager’s international experience and SMEs’ geographic scope. This study used a quantitative research and employed survey questionnaires to collect data from 305 internationalized Malaysian manufacturing SMEs. Anova tests and Chi Square tests were employed to analyze data collected from respondents using SPSS. Research findings revealed that environmental dynamism and dynamic capabilities have a significant impact on internationalized SMEs’ geographic scope, however, none of the internationalized SMEs’ characteristics had a significant relationship with their geographic scope. The result of this research suggest internationalized SMEs owner/managers need to possess sensing, seizing and reconfiguring capabilities, and monitor business environmental dynamism to increase their geographic scope. This paper ends with drawing a set of concluding remarks and recommendations.

This study aims to verify the relationship between overseas activities and performance of Korea’s SMEs during the last financial crisis. Whether overseas activity performance of enterprises differed was determined based on characteristic variables, including the degree of concentration on R&D and marketing. This study also examined how SMEs’ international transactions and their performance differed based on internal variable such as the level of stock holding and firm size. This study developed a model for analyzing the relationship between the level of internationalization and performance of Koran SMEs listed in the KOSDAQ. We used firm-level data, including annual reports and various data sources such as the KISVALUE program. To smooth annual fluctuations in accounting data, we used a three-year average from 2006 to 2009 for each variable in the study. The results showed that proactive overseas activities ultimately had a positive effect on an enterprise’s performance, even though it initially had a negative effect. Therefore, enterprises should focus their capacity on R&D and marketing environment. Although numerous studies have focused on the relationship between overseas activities and performance of enterprises, the present study analyzed whether enterprises should continuously engage in overseas activities and what capacities they should strengthen during a global economic recession.

Internationalization of SMEs has gathered pace in recent times with falling trade barriers and rising world trade encouraging small firms to seek profits and growth in foreign markets. This has attracted the attention of researchers, and several studies have been conducted in Western nations on the factors influencing the process of SME internationalization. However, hardly any study has been done on SME internationalization in the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) region, thus leaving a gap in the literature. This study investigates the influence of four factors, namely, human capital, network competency, entrepreneurial orientation, and market volatility on the degree of internationalization of SMEs in Oman. The study employs survey data collected from 150 SME owners and managers using a structured questionnaire having 27 items, and has been analyzed using correlation and logistic regression, as the dependent variable is binary in nature. The results reveal the impact of the chosen variables on the degree of internationalization of SMEs. The findings of the study suggest that network competency has the highest impact on degree of internationalization of Omani SMEs, followed by human capital and entrepreneurial orientation, while market volatility, though insignificant, moderated the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and degree of internationalization of Omani SMEs.

This research analyses the challenges facing SMEs in Oman in their quest for internationalization. The study is based on the OECD Model of Internationalization put forward in the report titled “How to Foster the Internationalization of SMEs through the Pacific Alliance Integration Process” which focuses on four factors namely finance, business environment, firm capabilities and market access, which are appropriate for an emerging economy like Oman. This study used a descriptive and quantitative research design in attempting to analyze the challenges being faced by Omani SMEs in their endeavors to internationalize. The research investigates causal relationship between variables using positivist and deductive approach. Data collected from 102 respondents was analysed by Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) using AMOS. It was found that finance availability was the most significant predictor of internationalization challenges followed by market access and business environment, while firm capabilities had no impact. Thus SMEs need easier access to credit and have to develop their international business networks and their marketing capabilities in order to grow internationally. Keeping in mind the contribution made by SMEs the government has to intervene by opening up easy lines of credit to SME exporters and allowing them relaxations in customs and other duties.

조선시대 유학자들은 자신의 학문을 이루기 위해 외국에 유학갈 수가 없었으며, 자신의 연구업적을 외국 학자들에게 알리려고 애쓰지도 않았다. 삼국시대에는 중국이나 인도의 승려들이 삼국에 들어와 불교를 전파하였고, 신라의 승려들도 중국이나 인도까지 유학하였다. 고려 때에도 원나라에서 주자학을 받아들였으며, 고려 학자들이 북경 만권당에서 원나라 학자들과 학문을 토론하였다. 그러나 명나라가 건국되면서 쇄국정책을 실시하여 학자들의 교류가 거의 없었다. 진암(眞菴) 이병헌(李炳憲, 1870-1940)은 시대가 바뀌면 학문도 바뀌어야 한다는 생각으로 강유위(康有爲)에게서 공자교(孔子敎)를 받아들이고 자신의 학문을 외국에 알리기 위해 다섯 차례나 중국을 드나들었다. 조선왕조와 청나라가 모두 망한 20세기초에 주로 활동한 학자이기에 쇄국시대인 조선후기 학자들과 같은 선상에서 비교할 수는 없지만, 교통과 통신이 발전한 20세기초에도 이병헌만큼 열심히 국제화에 앞장선 학자는 많지 않았다. 이병헌의 아들 이재교(李在敎)도 아버지 이병헌의 학문을 외국에 알리기 위해 노력했다. 케임브리지대학 동아시아도서관에 소장된 한국 고서 가운데 ‘Wade collection 5종’, ‘Aston collection 17종’, ‘선교사들이 기증한 초기(1890-1901) 성경 collection 62종’ 외에 수집 경로가 분명한 책은 이재교가 1959년에 영어 편지와 함께 기증한 『역경금문고통론(易經今文考通論)』 1종 뿐이다. 이 책 안에는 이재교가 도서관에 보내는 편지 이외에, 이재교가 지은 「경고유교연구동지(敬告儒敎硏究同志)」라는 글도 들어 있었다. 이병헌이 「읍고조선십삼도유림동포(泣告朝鮮十三道儒林同胞)」와 「경고역내동포유림(警告域內同胞儒林)」이라는 글을 써서 자신의 학문을 조선 유림들에게 널리 알렸는데, 이재교도 같은 방식으로 외국 학자들에게까지 편지를 보내어 공자금문경학(孔子今文經學)을 국제적으로 널리 알리려고 애썼다.

The U.S. sub-prime mortgage crisis, which has broken out in 2008,caused great impact on the countries and economies around the world, many countries have carried out a profound reflection in dealing with the financial crisis. The dollar's role became lowered in the crisis. China, as a large developing country in the world has been growing increasingly in the current financial crisis and made a tremendous contribution to the stability of the global economy. Thus, Many people believe that China has possessed some basic conditions of the internationalization of the RMB. Internationalization of the RMB is the Yuan can cross borders outside the circulation, was generally recognized as an international valuation, the process of settlement and reserve currency. Now RMB has been accepted by many countries as payment and settlement. Although the circulation of RMB outside does not mean the RMB has international, but the expansion of RMB circulating outside the end will inevitably lead to the internationalization of the RMB, making it to be one of the international currencies. However, at present, the level of internationalization of the RMB is relatively low. So there are still some difficulties on the path of internationalization of the RMB at this stage. Barriers to internationalization of the RMB are as follows: domestic financial markets showed a lower level of development, central bank independence is not high, the economic power and comprehensive national strength is still relatively weak. In order for a currency to be accepted and circulated globally, its compatibility, stability, liquidity and freedom of convertibility should be guaranteed. The current liberalization of China`s financial system is important in ensuring this. If the RMB is accepted as a key currency, China would experience a seigniorage effect, lessening the cost of maintaining foreign exchange reserves. Proposals for the internationalization of RMB to strengthen the economic base of internationalization, gradually improve the RMB exchange rate market and the capital markets system, guide the structural transformation of international trade, the gradual increase in international liquidity and the progressive realization of the RMB convertibility under capital account and so on. Although at this time RMB is not able to fully implement all functions as an international currency does, but with the development of China's economy and political system, the improvement of China's comprehensive national power, RMB internationalization will be achieved in the future.