Halla horse is crossbreed between Jeju and Thoroughbred horses and is used for riding, racing and meat production. Thus, molecular genetic studies are needed to establish and preserve the industrially valuable Halla horses. This study aimed to analyses the genetic diversity and population structure through 12 microsatellite (MS) markers for Halla and putatively related 3 breeds (Jeju, Mongolian and Thoroughbred horses). On average, the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity (Hobs), expected heterozygosity (Hexp), and polymorphic information content (PIC) among all horses were 10, 0.767, 0.799, and 0.771, respectively. Neighbor-joining tree and STRUCTURE analysis showed that Halla horses were between Thoroughbred and Jeju horses, tend to more influenced by Thoroughbred horses. Therefore, these results could be considered for use as the basic genetic breed relationships resource among the horse breeds (Jeju, Mongolian, and Thoroughbred horses) related to the origins of the Halla horse.

Molecular markers were crucial role in understanding and using genomic information for marker-assisted breeding, mapping genes of interest and cloning genes. Among the molecular markers, Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) has became increasingly important marker due to their co-dominant and high polymorphic nature and abundant distribution throughout the genome. Simple sequence repeats (SSR), also called “microsatellites” consist of tandemly repeated short DNA sequence motifs and have applied in various marker-based studies. SSRs were isolated and characterized from “Heuktari” and “Miso”, which are one of the major oyster mushroom cultivars in Korea by the genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. The genome sizes of “Heuktari” were 40.8 Mb and “Miso” were estimated to be 40.3 Mb, which were larger than the other P.ostreatus species (PC9 and PC10) and less than P.eryngii (KNR2312 P5). A total of 949 and 968 SSRs were found in the “Heuktari” and “Miso” genomes, respectively. A comparative analysis of five mushrooms including P.ostreatus var. florida (PC9 and PC15), P.eryngii, revealed that SSR numbers from “Heuktari” and “Miso” were the highest among them. Studied all mushrooms showed similar pattern of SSR distributions. Tri-, hexa- and octanucleotide motifs accounted for the top three fractions of all SSRs. This study are useful in understanding the P.ostreatus.[Supported by a grant from the IPET (213007-05-1-SBI30), MIFAFF, Republic of Korea.]

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson), is a serious insect pest of blueberries and cranberries in North America. which was firstly found and identified on blueberris in Sanju-city, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. For epidemiological investigation of this pest, DNA barcoding and microsatellite markers were used. First, mitochondrial COⅠ(658 bp) was analyzed with 292 D. oxycoccana individuals, which were 163 individuals from 32 regions in 25 counties, Korea and 102 individuals from 10 regions in 4 states, USA and 26 individuals from USA, Canada and UK in GenBank. Genetic distance of seven individuals from Cheonan and two from Bonghwa was 10.5% and that of two individuals from Sunchang and New Jersey was 16.6%, which are considered to be different species within the genus Dasineura. Second, population genetics of 632 D. oxycoccana individuals 29 locations was analyzed using 12 microsatellites newly developed by next-generation sequencing. The results showed that some of the populations in Korea genetically close to those in USA. Fst of Hweongseong, Bonghwa, Jeju populations compared to remaining local pops. were ranged from 0.15 to 0.24, whereas average Fst between Georgia, Michigan, and New Jersey pops. were 0.14. The origins of Hweongseong, Bonghwa and Jeju populations were assessed as Michigan, Florida (southern part of Georgia), respectively.

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was recently introduced from Asia into North America (NA) where it has become a serious pest of soybeans. This invasive pest has rapidly spread throughout the midwestern United States and southern Canada since 2000. We examined 585 individuals obtained from 23 different collections in USA, Korea, China, and Japan using eight microsatellite loci. Based on analysis of multilocus genotype, gene diversity and number of alleles in NA were averaging 0.40 and 2.70, whereas in Asia averaging 0.55 and 4.32, respectively. The factorial correspondence analysis displayed that some Korean populations were closely related to the NA populations. Structure analysis resulted in two conspicuous clusters, NA and Asia, as the most likelihood number of clusters (K). Bayesian assignment tests revealed that Osan and Milyang populations were most likely assigned to the NA populations. Bottleneck test did not show significance of genetic bottleneck in all populations. We also discuss the invasive history of the soybean aphid in light of population genetics.

벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens)는 벼에 가장 큰 피해를 주는 해충 중의 하나로서, 마이토콘드리아 DNA를 분석한 선행 연구결과에 의하면 북 베트남의 홍하유역을 중심으로 남쪽과 북쪽의 개체군이 유전적으로 뚜렷한 차이를 보이고 있다. 그러나 이러한 마이토콘드리아 DNA의 변이로는 좀더 상세한 지역간 개체군의 유전적 변이를 검정할 수 없으므로, 마이크로새털라이트 마커를 이용할 수 있는 방법을 모색하였다. 총 37개 마이크로새털라이트 위치를 분석한 결과 5개 위치에서 성공적으로 라벨을 할 수 있었으며, 그 중 2개 위치에서 유용한 개체군 변이정보를 얻을 수 있었다. 이러한 두 위치에서 벼멸구의 생태형(1, 2, 3형)에 따른 변이를 검정할 수 있는지의 여부를 검정한 결과, 두 위치 중에서 한 곳(27035)에서는 생태형간의 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 다른 한 곳(7314)에서는 생태형 간에 차이를 보였다. 따라서 마이크로새털라이트 마커를 이용하면 좀 더 상세한 벼멸구 지역 개체군의 차이를 검정하여 이동과 분산의 근원과 경로를 알아내는데 유용한 방법이 될 것으로 생각된다.

In this study, we sought to identify primary pears species and Korean native pears, without the use of morphological characteristics. In addition, this study was to establish pear DNA fingerprinting data for Korean native pears using 12 microsatellite markers, and to accurately classify a database for management of the Korean pear collection. Forty two pear accessions (7 primary pears, 5 Asian pears, 29 Korean pears, and 2 reference pears) were analyzed with twelve primers covering whole pear genome. In the present study, all pear accessions were successfully classified along with their pedigrees, and the distribution of primary pears was parallel to those of the previous taxonomic results. Korean pears were divided into 3 groups. Group I was characterized by Pyrus calleryana, and included Korean pea pears. Group II was characterized by P. pyrifolia, and was classified into 2 small groups. The first small group comprised of ‘Najucheongbae’, ‘Sunchanggulimdolbae’, ‘Andongmookbae’, ‘Andongdangsilri’, and ‘Najucheongbae’ and was presumed to be cultivars of P. pyrifolia. The second small group consisted of ‘Cheongdangrori’ and ‘Pyeongchangsuhyangri’. These two accessions were assumed to be a hybrid of P. pyrifolia and the other cultivar. Group III was characterized by P. ussuriensis. ‘Goesanhwangbae’, ‘Andongcheongsilri’, ‘Gongjucheongsilri’, and ‘Yecheoncheongbae’ were assumed to be cultivars of P. ussuriensis. Contrary to ‘Ulreungdocheongbae A’, ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’ was classified as belonging to the P. ussuriensis group. It is possible that this is a consequence of, P. ussuriensis genes being transferred into ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’. The result of this research reaffirmed the efficiency of a standard set of microsatellite markers and provides data, which will be useful for developing a core collection of pears.

There are about 16 species included in Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae) genus and some of them have been found recently and named. Fagopyrum genus is generally divided into two major groups: cymosum and urophyllum group. This study is to analyze the genetic diversity of Fagopyrum genus, to compare with the phylogeny result of Fagopyrim using previous analysis results, and to provide the information of each species specific marker by executing the cross-amplification on 3 species and 2 sub-species among cymosum group and 5 species among urophyllum using 136 SSR markers newly developed from common buckwheat. Cluster analysis using UPGMA showed two main clusters, each of the cymosum and urophyllum group. This result agree well with the previous findings on species relationships in Fagopyrum using different method approachs. In cross species amplification, our results revealed significant transferability of F. esculentum microsatellites to the 4 cymosum species (96.3% in F. esculentum ssp. Ancestral, 61.0% in F. tataricum ssp. tataricum, 36.0% in F. tataricum ssp. potanini, 97.1% in F. homotropicum). However, the percentage of 136 SSR markers were amplified in the urophyllum species (50.7% in F. urophyllum, 50% in F. lineare, 60.3% in F. leptopodum, 66.9% in F. capillatum, 66.2% in F. gracilipes) was lower than cymosum species, except F. tataricum. In addition, we identified 61 species specific markers among each species. These results demonstrate wide potential applicabilityof these markers for the study of inter-specific genetic diversity as well as evolutionary relationships among cultivated and wild buckwheat.