This study investigates the impact of magnetic turbulence on cosmic ray (CR) electrons through Fermi-II acceleration behind merger-driven shocks in the intracluster medium and examines how the ensuing synchrotron radio emission is influenced by the decay of magnetic energy through dissipation in the postshock region. We adopt simplified models for the momentum diffusion coefficient, specifically considering transit-time-damping resonance with fast-mode waves and gyroresonance with Alfvén waves. Utilizing analytic solutions derived from diffusive shock acceleration theory, at the shock location, we introduce a CR spectrum that is either shock-injected or shock-reaccelerated. We then track its temporal evolution along the Lagrangian fluid element in the time domain. The resulting CR spectra are mapped onto a spherical shell configuration to estimate the surface brightness profile of the model radio relics. Turbulent acceleration proves to be a significant factor in delaying the aging of postshock CR electrons, while decaying magnetic fields have marginal impacts due to the dominance of inverse Compton cooling over synchrotron cooling. However, the decay of magnetic fields substantially reduces synchrotron radiation. Consequently, the spatial distribution of the postshock magnetic fields affects the volume-integrated radio spectrum and its spectral index. We demonstrate that the Mach numbers estimated from the integrated spectral index tend to be higher than the actual shock Mach numbers, highlighting the necessity for accurate modeling of postshock magnetic turbulence in interpreting observations of radio relics.

PURPOSES : Basic research to calculate the appropriate gap acceptance for autonomous vehicles at merging section. Research on whether users prefer short or long gap acceptance. METHODS : Using a driving simulator, experience autonomous driving with different gap acceptance in different weather condition, and analyze which gap acceptance is preferred using survey and biometric data. RESULTS : Regardless of the weather condition, long gap acceptance was preferred, and difference was especially clear in rainy or foggy situation. CONCLUSIONS : It was analyzed that users prefer long gap acceptance over short gap acceptance, and that they feel less frustrated due to long gap acceptance when weather condition is poor.

The rapid digital transformation and the ever-changing needs of consumers have provided both academia and practice a stimulating setting and chance for grasping evolving opportunities and reinventing the traditional marketing approaches. Agility is one emergent approach to manage challenges like increasing uncertainty or high volatility. Due to its relative novelty, the extant academic literature on marketing agility is narrow, and although the operationalization of the construct is slowly expanding, there is yet the need for further refinement of the definition, the construct, terminology, and its dimensions. Similarly, in practitioner circles there is a growing “buzz” about implementing agile practices (e.g., continuous feedback-learning cycles, collaboration, flexibility, and speed) in the field of marketing to manage changing market environments. What exactly makes an organization, a department, or a team agile is, however, still blurred.

PURPOSES : Aiming to evaluate the consistency of road markings at night, the luminance values of road markings at night were compared for merging and diverging areas. METHODS : To evaluate the consistency of road marking at nighttime in merging and diverging areas, the highway geometric structures and luminance of the road markings were collected and analyzed together at the merging and diverging areas. "Luminance" in this study referred to the overall luminance of the road markings as reflected together from surrounding lights, such as moonlight or artificial lights. The luminance of the road markings 90 m ahead of the driver were used. The measured luminance values were analyzed based on the difference ratios and an analysis of variance. RESULTS : Based on a grouping of three categories (interchanges (ICs), merging, and diverging areas), it was found that the difference ratios and analysis of variance values from the ICs and merging and diverging areas were not consistently acceptable. CONCLUSIONS : After evaluating the consistency of road markings at night in the merging and diverging areas, it can be concluded that there is a need for more consistency in the luminance on merging and diverging areas on highways. To enhance consistency, more dedicated lighting guidance for merging and diverging areas on highway areas may be necessary.

We demonstrate the subsurface origin of the observed evolution of the solar active region 10930 (AR10930) associated with merging and breakup of magnetic polarity regions at the solar surface. We performed a magnetohydrodynamic simulation of an emerging magnetic flux tube whose field-line twist is asymmetrically distributed along its axis, which is a key to merging and fragmentation in this active region. While emerging into the surface, the flux tube is subjected to partial splitting of its weakly twisted portion, forming separate polarity regions at the solar surface. As emergence proceeds, these separate polarity regions start to merge and then break up, while in the corona sigmoidal structures form and a solar eruption occurs. We discuss what physical processes could be involved in the characteristic evolution of an active region magnetic field that leads to the formation of a sunspot surrounded by satellite polarity regions.