Background: Proprioception in the ankle joint is important for maintaining balance. There is a correlation between joint position sense (JPS), balance and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF-ROM). Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of talocrural joint mobilization (TJM) and muscle energy technique (MET) of plantar flexor muscle (PF) on improving joint position sense (JPS) and static balance. Design: Cross-over randomized trial research. Methods: Sixteen participants (male 10, female 6; 20’s of their age) without ankle instability were recruited. In a randomized, three conditions, no intervention, talocalcaneal mobilization, and PF-MET were all applied to 16 participants. For TJM, the Kaltenborn grade 3 joint gliding method, in which the talus moves posteriorly perpendicular to the tacrocrural joint plane, were used. In the PF-MET, MET method were applied gastrocnemius muscle and soleus muscle with 25% of 1 Repeat Maximum of each muscle. The all participants performed PF-MET and TJM for 18 minutes. DF-ROM measured the weightbearing lunge test. JPS measured using the active joint angle reproduction test. Static balance was measured displacement of center of pressure parameter. Results: PF-MET and TJM had significant differences in DF-ROM and AP displacements. PF-MET significantly increased at 5° and 15° of plantar flexion and 5° of dorsiflexion, and COP velocity significantly decreased in JPS compared to TJM. Conclusion: PF-MET and TJM are effective in increasing DF-ROM. However, PF-MET has a more positive effect on improving JPS and static balance than on talocrural joint mobilization.

Background: As sedentary life increases, people's thoracic vertebra joint movement decreases, and the resulting associated pain is complaining of a lot of discomfort. This is also affecting the autonomic nervous system. Objectives: The purpose of this study was therefore to find out the effect of thoracic vertebra joint mobilization on heart rate variability in upper back pain patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Method: Thirty subjects in this study were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 persons each using a randomization tool. Maitland's grade III joint mobilization, hot pack, and interferential current therapy (ICT) were applied to T1-L2 and hot pack and ICT were applied to the control group. The intervention was performed 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Results: There were statistically significant changes in Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Standard Deviation of all Normal R-R Intervals (SDNN), Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio in the study group, and statistically significant changes in VAS, SDNN, and LF/HF ratio in the control group. In comparison of differences, there were statistically significant changes in VAS. Conclusion: Positive effects were found on SDNN and LF/HF ratio in both the joint mobilization group and the control group compared to before the study. In particular, even LF and HF were positive in the joint mobilization group showed influence.

Background: Mobilization movements was applied with different forces and frequencies for different clinicians. Force transmission varies with frequency. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of frequency- specific application of grade III PA movement on muscle tone and muscle activity around the lumbar vertebrae. Design: A one group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Twenty study subjects applied grades III of PA movement exercise of 0.5 Hz and 1 Hz with a force of 13 N around the 1st and 3rd lumbar vertebrae, and muscle tone and muscle activity were measured and compared before and after. Results: This study showed that 0.5 Hz grade III PA activity exerted an effect on the decrease in muscle tone of the 1st and 3rd right and left lumbar muscles. It was found that 0.5 Hz affected the right side of L1 and 1.0 Hz affected the left side of L1 in near-activity when applying the grade III PA movement by frequency. Conclusion: In the future, it will be necessary to investigate the effect of applying frequency according to various grades of PA movement.

Background: Despite its high prevalence, interventions in plantar fasciitis remain inconclusive. To improve the daily life of plantar fasciitis patients, it is necessary to identify appropriate interventions to improve pain and foot pressure and balance. Improving the interventions for plantar fasciitis is one of the main goals for rehabilitation. Objectives: To investigate the changes in pain and static-dynamic foot pressure and balance through the evaluation of 42 plantar fasciitis patient before and after the foot stretching and joint mobilization interventions. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The 42 subjects of the study were divided into a stretching group and a joint mobilization group with 21 subjects being assigned to each group. The results before and after the experiment were analyzed by applying stretching and joint movement interventions for a total of 6 weeks. Results: Before and after the intervention, there were significant improvements in the pain index and static-dynamic foot pressure and static balance in both stretching and joint mobilization groups. However, the between-group comparison indicated no significant differences. Conclusion: The stretching and the joint mobilization can improve the pain and static-dynamic foot pressure and static balance in plantar fasciitis patients.

이 연구는 평시는 물론 전시에도 국방 분야에 계약직 민간근로자를 운 용함으로써 민간인력의 전문성을 활용하고 국방업무의 연속성을 높이는 방안을 제시한다. 미래 동원환경은 인구절벽에 따른 평시 병역자원과 전 시 동원예비군이 감소할 것으로 전망된다. 따라서 국방에서의 민간인력 확대가 불가피해 보인다. 전‧평시 민간인력 활용의 연속성이 국방혁신의 핵심이 될 수 있다. 그러나 현재의 국방민간인력 운용체계는 평시와 전 시가 전혀 다르다. 전시는 기술인력동원에 의해 이들을 대체하기 때문이 다. 그러나 전시에 동원된 기술인력들이 적절한 역할 수행을 하기까지는 시행착오와 지체로 인해 국방운영의 불연속성이 우려된다. 이것은 전시 작전지속지원과 작전의 성공을 어렵게 하는 요인이 될 것이다. 이에 대 안으로 평시 민간근로자의 계약관계를 전시 동원과 연계하는 방안이 필 요하다. 이를 위해 전시 기술인력 범위에 평시 활용 중인 민간인력‧업체 를 포함하는 방안이 있다. 제도를 개선하여 기술인력 동원지정‧관리에 대 한 군의 요구를 반영하는 것이다. 또는 가칭 ｢전‧평시 민간인력 활용에 관한 시행령｣을 제정하여 전‧평시 임무 위주로 민간인력 활용체계를 새 롭게 정립하는 것이다. 이 방안들은 예산에 입각한 새로운 국방인력구조 를 설계하고 운영의 연속성과 함께 효율성, 투명성을 높이게 될 것이다.

Background: If the weakness of the knee muscles persists and there is pain at the same time, lumbar mobilization can be used. Objectives: This study investigated the immediate effect of lumbar joint mobilization on postural sway and knee pain in elite volleyball players. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twelve male elite volleyball players were recruited for this study. Lumbar joint mobilization was performed in all study subjects. Evaluation items were static and dynamic balance and knee pain change. All evaluations were made immediately after the intervention. Results: C90 area, trace length, and STD Y deviation in the open static balance were significantly decreased after intervention (P<.05). C90 area, trace length, Velocity, STD X deviation, and STD Y deviation in static balance with closed eyes decreased significantly after intervention (P<.05). In dynamic balance, the left and right side. COPs were significantly increased. Pain significantly decreased after intervention (P<.05). Conclusion: This study found that lumbar joint mobilization is an effective method for improving postural sway and knee pain in elite volleyball players.

Background: Pain neuroscience education (PNE) with other therapeutic approaches can reduce pain intensity in patients with Chronic musculoskeletal pain and chronic spine pain by improving quality of life and disability. However, in various clinical trials and reviews, the optimal dose of an intervention combined with PNE is still an area to be studied. Objectives: To investigated the effect of forward head posture (FHP) with chronic neck pain on the PNE combined with cervical and thoracic mobilization. Design: A non-randomized, controlled intervention study. Methods: Thirty-two subjects were allocated to pain neuroscience education combined with cervical and thoracic mobilization group (PCTMG, n=17) and cervical and thoracic mobilization with TENS group (CTMG, n=15). For 6 weeks, the PCTM group applied PNE and cervical and thoracic mobilization and the CTM group applied cervical and thoracic mobilization and TENS. Changes in intervention pre-post pain and kinesiophobia were observed. Results: Results from the study indicated that statistically significant decrease in VAS and TSK-11 in PCTMG. In CTMG, there was a statistically significant decrease in VAS. And in PCTMG, there was a statistically significant decrease in VAS and TSK-11 than in CTMG. Conclusion: Therefore, this study confirmed that PNE combined with cervical thoracic mobilization is an effective intervention compared to ervical thoracic mobilization alone in reducing pain and kinesiophobia in FHP with chronic neck pain.

Background: A recent study found that pain neuroscience education (PNE) alters pain intensity, knowledge of pain, disability, psychological function, and pain behavior in patients with musculoskeletal pain. However, they noted that PNE alone was not sufficient to affect chronic low back pain (CLBP) reduction. Objectives: To investigated the effect of CLBP on the PNE combined with lumbar mobilization. Design: Quasi-experiment study. Methods: A total of 33 patients aged 25 to less than 65, recruited from L-hospital for low back pain in Chungcheongnam-do. Out of 33 subjects, 17 were pain neuroscience education combined with lumbar mobilization group (PLMG) and 16 were lumbar mobilization group (LMG). The outcome was visual analogue scale (VAS), oswestry disability index (ODI) and the fear avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ). The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS ver. 21.0 program by paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: PLMG was indicated statistically significant decrease in VAS, ODI and FABQ before and after intervention. However, there were statistically significant changes in VAS and ODI before and after intervention in LMG. PLMG and LMG before and after intervention indicated statistically significant differences in VAS, ODI and FABQ. Conclusion: The inclusion of PNE combined with lumbar mobilization in patients with CLBP is a promising and feasible approach to the management of CLBP.

Background: There is a research report that lumbar mobilization for healthy people improves the knee extension angles and Q-angle related muscle activity (Q: quadriceps muscle). However, there is a lack of research on the effect of lumbar mobilization on gait variables such as cadence and gait speed, especially when mobilizing the central part of the lumbar spine from posterior to anterior. Objectives: To examine the effect of lumbar central PA mobilization in healthy people on cadence and gait speed. Design: Pilot study. Methods: There were 34 participants in this study. In the experimental group, lumbar posterior-anterior joint mobilization was performed once in Grade III-IV for 5 minutes, focusing on the segment with reduced movement. In the control group, lumbar posteroanterior mobilization was performed once in a total of Grade I-II for 5 minutes. To measure cadence and gait speed, STT-IWS and iSen System (San Sebastian, Spain) were used. Results: The comparison of cadence between groups, CG (Control group) increased cadence was about 6 more than EG (Experimental group) cadence, but it was not statistically significant. The gait speed of EG and CG was .30- .31, which was similar between the two groups, and the before and after values were also similar. There is no statistically significant difference Conclusion: The cadence and gait speed of the experimental group were not statistically significantly different than those of the placebo group.

Background: Generally, rounded shoulders may occur when an individual habitually takes a relaxed, slouched posture. Although various studies on the round shoulder exist, studies on the effect of improvement of thoracic mobilization on the round shoulder are insufficient. Objectives: To investigate the effect of thoracic mobilization on round shoulders and pulmonary capacities. Design: Randomized controlled trials. Methods: Twenty subjects were randomly allocated into an exercise group (n=10) and a mobilization group (n=10). To quantify the round shoulder before and after the intervention, the distance between the acromion and the table surface was measured, and the pulmonary capacities were also measured. The intervention program was conducted twice a week for 6 weeks. The exercise group performed corrective exercise, and the mobilization group performed both corrective exercise and thoracic mobilization. Results: The round shoulder in both groups was significantly decreased (P<.05), and the pulmonary capacities were significantly improved (P<.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>.05). Conclusion: The combination of corrective exercise with stretching and strengthening exercises led to the improvement of round shoulders and pulmonary capacities, no additional benefits were detected with thoracic mobilization.

이 연구는 동원전력을 구성하는 동원자원의 군사적 효용성을 분석하 고 강화 방안을 제시하기 위한 것이다. 동원전력의 군사능력과 잠재역 량, 그리고 평판은 군사적 효용성의 척도이다. 동원전력이 평시 전쟁 억제 기능을 한다면 군사적 효용 가치가 있는 것이다. 그러나 전쟁 초 기 방어작전에 참여하는 동원사단은 군사력으로서 평판이 낮은 수준이 다. 이를 개선하려면 한국군의 ‘동원’ 개념부터 재설계해야 한다. 현대 화된 자원으로 잘 준비되고 훈련된 잠재전력을 유사시 작전에 활용하 는 개념이 동원이어야 한다. 둘째, 선발예비군 제도를 도입하여 비상근 전투예비군으로 동원사단을 집중 육성해야 한다. 이들은 상비전력 저하 를 상쇄하고 병역제도 전환기적 과도기에 국방운영의 융통성을 제공하 게 될 것이다. 셋째, 전시 군수소요의 충당은 국민의 재산을 먼저 활용 한다는 편의적 관례에서 벗어나 비축을 통해 평시 동원전력의 완전성 을 높여야 한다. 동원사단의 무기체계‧장비‧물자는 상비군과 동일하게 현대화하고, 긴요 품목 대부분은 비축하여 유사시 즉각 전투력이 발휘 되도록 해야 한다. 군과 정부는 미래 안보의 비관적 상황을 전제로 대 비하되 불가피한 선택의 시간이 오기 전에 동원자원의 군사력 효용성 을 높이는 정책을 과감하게 추진해야 할 것이다.

Background: Individuals with calf muscle shortening may have decreased dynamic balance. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of mobilization with movement (MWM) and myofascial release (MFR) on kinematic changes in dynamic balance in individuals with calf muscle shortening. Methods: Thirteen participants were randomly assigned to the MWM or the mobilization with movement added myofascial release (MWM-MFR) group. The MWM group received treatment with only MWM, whereas the MWM-MFR group was treated with MWM and MFR. Pre- and post-intervention passive range of motion (PROM), maximum reaching lengths, and modified star excursion balance test (MSEBT) results were compared for all participants. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed significant within-group differences in ankle PROM, but no significant between-group differences. The maximum reaching length in the MWM-MFR group in the posterolateral direction was significantly different before and after the intervention (p = 0.005). This group also showed significantly reduced ankle abduction in MSEBT during the posteromedial direction section 3 (p = 0.007) and posterolateral direction section 5 (p = 0.049) compared with the MWM group. Conclusion: Combined MWM and MFR intervention improves ankle stability in the coronal plane during the posteromedial and posterolateral forward mo

Background: Forward head posture leads to resulting in posture instability and changes in spine alignment. To treat this condition, numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of joint mobilization. However, only a few studies have reported on the intervention location of joint mobilization or its effects on heart rate variability. Objectives: To investigated the effects of joint mobilization intervention at the lower cervical spine on pain, head posture, and heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with a forward head posture. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty patients with forward head postures who met the study inclusion criteria were recruited. A randomization program was used to divide the subjects into experimental and control groups. Each group consisted of ten subjects. The intervention was performed for four weeks, three sessions per week, 15 min per day, and non-simultaneously throughout the 12-week study period. Results: A significant decrease in neck pain was shown in both the experimental and control groups. In contrast, significant changes in craniovertebral angle (CVA), cranial rotation angle (CRA), and HRV were found only in the experimental group. Conclusion: The mobilization of the cervical spine is an effective intervention for improving pain, head posture, and HRV.

Background: Patients who underwent rotator cuff repair (RCR) require management to control pain and prevent re tear and stiffness. Thoracic mobilization has been applied for the improvement of vertebra and shoulder movements and pain reduction. Also, core stability exercise is an intervention necessary for rehabilitation after shoulder surgery. Objectives: To examine the short term benefits of thoracic mobilization and core stability exercise for patients after RCR. Design: Randomized controlled trial with multi arm parallel group and single blind assessor. Methods: 30 participants after RCR were recruited. Participants were categorized into conventional physical therapy (CPT) group, thoracic mobilization (TM) group, and core stability exercise (CSE) group according to the randomization program. Each treatment, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimuli (TENS), TM, and CSE was applied to each group. 3 physical therapists only conducted evaluations; VAS (visual analogue scale), ROM (range of motion), and Korean version of Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Results: VAS and SPADI were statistically reduced, and ROM was statistically improved in all 3 groups. In between three group comparisons of changes in outcome variables, there was not a significant difference in VAS, but there was a significant difference in ROM and SPADI. In the post hoc test, ROM and SPADI showed a significant difference in TM and CSE compared to CPT. Conclusion: TM according to Maitland concept and CSE had beneficial effects compared to CPT in patients after RCR.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) metastasis is characterized by distant metastasis and local recurrence. Combined chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil is routinely used to treat patients with OSCC, and the combined use of gefitinib with cytotoxic drugs has been reported to enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells in vitro . However, the development of drug resistance because of prolonged chemotherapy is inevitable, leading to a poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding alterations in signaling pathways and gene expression is crucial for overcoming the development of drug resistance. However, the altered characterization of Ca2+ signaling in drug-resistant OSCC cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated alterations in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) mobilization upon the development of gefitinib resistance in human tongue squamous carcinoma cell line (HSC)-3 and HSC-4 using ratiometric analysis. This study demonstrated the presence of altered epidermal growth factor- and purinergic agonist-mediated [Ca2+]i mobilization in gefitinib-resistant OSCC cells. Moreover, Ca2+ content in the endoplasmic reticulum, store-operated calcium entry, and lysosomal Ca2+ release through the transient receptor potential mucolipin 1, were confirmed to be significantly reduced upon the development of apoptosis resistance. Consistent with [Ca2+]i mobilization, we identified modified expression levels of Ca2+ signaling-related genes in gefitinib-resistant cells. Taken together, we propose that the regulation of [Ca2+]i mobilization and related gene expression can be a new strategy to overcome drug resistance in patients with cancer.

Background: Previous studies have been reported that when instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) and the self-myofascial release technique were used on the muscles. However, studies that applied the IASTM and self-stretching to the gastrocnemius muscle are thought to be necessary but there is no such previous study. Objectives: To investigate the effects of IASTM and self-stretching on gastrocnemius muscle thickness and the range of motion of joint in dorsiflexion in healthy college student. Design: Quasi-experimental design (single blind). Methods: The subjects were healthy college students in their 20s with a healthy body. As for the experimental method in this study, comparison between before and after the experiment was performed to compare the effects of myofascial release using IASTM and stretching. The preliminary survey investigated the range of motion (ROM) of ankle joint of the subjects. The thicknesses of gastrocnemius muscles were measured using ultrasonography. One day after the preliminary survey, IASTM interventions and self-stretching interventions were randomly selected. If IASTM intervention is selected, the IASTM of the gastrocnemius muscle was applied for 5 minutes. After than, muscle thickness and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM were measured. Subjects were asked to take a break for about one day after performing the intervention. Self-stretching was applied to the gastrocnemius muscle for 5 minutes identically. After than, muscle thickness and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM were measured. Results: The thickness of the gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly IASTM intervention, and the ankle dorsiflexion ROM increased significantly IASTM intervention. Ankle dorsiflexion ROM increased significantly the selfstretching intervention. The amounts of change in ankle dorsiflexion ROM through the IASTM was significantly greater than that through self-stretching. Conclusion: In order to immediately increase muscle flexibility in a short time, the IASTM is more effective although the self-stretching method is also effective.

Background: Cervical spine mobilization is an effective intervention method to increase cervical range of motion (ROM). However, whether using a sling with cervical spine mobilization can provide a similar positive effect in improving ROM and muscle stiffness as conventional cervical spine mobilization has not yet been proven. Objectives: To investigated the effects of sling with cervical spine lateral mobilization on improving neck ROM and muscle stiffness in healthy subjects. Design: A two-group pre-posttest design. Methods: A total of 20 healthy subjects were allocated to a sling with cervical spine mobilization (SWCM) group (n=10) and a cervical spine mobilization (CM) group (n=10). The mobilization exercise at grade Ⅳ+ amplitude was applied to the left-side and right-side C3-C4 and C4-C5 of each group for three sets. The mobilization exercise was performed for 30 seconds (frequency of two vibrations per second), with a 30-second resting time. The active cervical ROM, muscle tone, and muscle stiffness of the cervical region of each group was measured and compared before and after the intervention. Results: The active cervical ROM of both groups significantly improved after the intervention (p<.05). However, no significant differences in the cervical active ROM, cervical muscle tone, and muscle stiffness were observed between two groups. Conclusion: The application of sling with cervical spine lateral mobilization is an intervention method that can be effectively used to improve the physiological movement of the neck, as well as cervical muscle tone and stiffness.

Background: Patients with stroke may show impaired balance due to the limited range of motion of the ankle resulting from abnormal soft tissues surrounding the ankle joint. Changes in the viscoelasticity of soft tissues and decreased mobility of the ankle impair the balance and lead to problems in the daily life of patients with stroke. Joint mobilization and stretching are effective methods of improving balance by increasing the viscoelasticity of soft tissues and range of motion of the ankle. Objectives: To effects of ankle joint mobilization and calf muscle stretching on balance in patients with stroke. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 20 patients with stroke were randomly assigned into two groups. The joint mobilization group (JMG) underwent anteroposterior joint mobilization of the talocrural joint, while the stretching group (SG) received calf muscle stretching. Functional reach test (FRT), berg balance scale (BBS), and timed up and go test (TUG) were used to assess balance. Results: The FRT, BBS, and TUG results significantly improved in the JMG and SG after invention (P<.05). However, the improvements were greater in the JMG group than those in the SG group (P<.05). Conclusion: Joint mobilization was an effective intervention to improve soft tissue performance and range of motion of the ankle, thereby improving balance in patients with stroke.

Background: Patients with stroke have limited ankle range of motion (ROM) due to soft tissue abnormalities around the ankle and thus experience functional impairment. Increased muscle tension and reduced ankle ROM impair gait and hinder the activities of daily living. Joint mobilization and stretching are effective interventions that improve gait performance by enhancing the ankle ROM. Objectives: To investigate the effects of ankle joint mobilization and calf muscle stretching on gait speed and gait performance in patients with stroke. Design: This was a randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty patients with stroke patients were randomized into two groups. The joint mobilization group (JMG) underwent anteroposterior mobilization of the talocrural joint and the joint mobilization stretching group (JMSG) underwent calf muscle stretching in addition to joint mobilization. Gait speed and gait parameters were measured using the 10-meter walk test and the GAITRite. Results: Both the JMG and JMSG groups showed significant improvements in gait speed, affected-side step length, and cadence after the intervention (P<.05). Conclusion: Joint mobilization and stretching were effective interventions for improving gait performance by enhancing ankle function in patients with stroke.

이 연구는 해방 이후부터 제1공화국 시기까지 이승만의 권력 기반이 된 주요 변수를 중심으로 우익 정치세력 내에서 그의 권력 장악 과정을 살펴보았다. 우익 정치세력 내에서의 권력의 장악에는 여러 가지 변수가 작용하였으나 이 중 대중동원과 이를 실현하기 위한 반공 이데올로기를 주요 변수로 삼아 설명하였다. 이승만은 권력을 장악하는 과정에서 정치 적 힘 겨룸에 우익 대중단체와 경찰, 군부, 청년단체 등의 대중을 적극적 으로 활용하였다. 또한 이승만은 일제의 귀속재산 불하와 미국의 무상원 조 등을 전략적으로 이용하여 측근들을 중심으로 하는 충성과 시혜로 얽 힌 후원-피 후원의 구조를 만들고, 농지개혁을 단행하여 농민을 자신의 지지 기반으로 끌어들여 그의 통치 수단으로 활용하기도 하였다. 또한 이승만은 '반공'과 '북진통일'을 앞세운 반공 이데올로기를 지배 이데올 로기도 활용하였다. 반공 이데올로기는 실제 대북용이 아니라 대내용이 었다. 북진통일 운동은 주민들을 하나가 되게 하여 철통 같은 반공 태세 를 강화하고, 그것의 영도자인 자신의 권력에 복종하게 했다. 권력 장악 과정에서 나타난 부산 정치파동과 발췌개헌은 이승만이 1960년까지 장 기 집권할 수 있는 토대가 되었다. 제한된 구조적 틀 속에서 이승만이 권력을 장악할 수 있었던 배경에는 대중동원과 반공 이데올로기라는 두 요소를 잘 활용할 수 있었기 때문이었다.