Parrots have been threatened by global trade to meet their high demand as pets. Controlling parrot trade is essential because parrots play a vital role in the ecosystem. Accurate species identification is crucial for controlling parrot trade. Parrots have been traded as eggs due to their advantages of lower mortality rates and more accessible transport than live parrots. A molecular method is required to identify parrot eggs because it is difficult to perform identification using morphological features. In this study, DNAs were obtained from 43 unidentified parrot eggs using a non-destructive sampling method. Partial cytochrome b (CYTB ) gene was then successfully amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequences newly obtained in the present study were compared to those available in the GenBank by database searching. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was conducted to identify species using available sequences in GenBank along with sequences reported in previous studies. Finally, the 43 parrot eggs were successfully identified as seven species belonging to two families and seven genera. This non-destructive sampling method for obtaining DNA and molecular identification might help control the trade of parrot eggs and prevent their illegal trade.

The forty-nine cases of psittacine birds were submitted for disease diagnosis to the Avian Disease Division of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) of Korea from 2012 to 2021. On the basis of clinical manifestations and the presence of gross lesions, necropsy, bacteriological culture, virus detection and histopathological examination were performed according to an APQA diagnostic protocol. Bacterial diseases like chlamydiosis, colibacilosis, viral disease like proventricular dilatation disease, budgerigar fledgling disease (BFD), psittacine beak and feather disease and fungal infection and parasitic diseases like blackhead disease and coccidiosis were confirmed in forty-nine cases. We present here five cases report diagnosed fungal pneumonia, blackhead disease, BFD-fungal infection, BFD and psittacosis-bacterial enteritis in psittacine. Since the pathogen can be detected even in healthy parrots, histopathological diagnosis is necessary to determine the cause of death, and clinical symptoms and gross lesions must be fully considered. In addition, zoos and aviaries where large quantities of parrots are reared, these diseases can be reduced through sanitary management of the breeding environment.

DNA damage such as genotoxicity was identified with comet assay, which blood cell of a marine parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus) was exposed to an acidified seawater, lowered pH gradient making of CO2 gas. The gradient of pH were 8.22, 8.03, 7.81, 7.55 with control as HBSS solution with pH 7.4. DNA tail moment of fish blood cell was 0.548 ± 0.071 exposed seawater of pH 8.22 condition, on the other hand, DNA tail moment 1.601 ± 0.197 exposed acidified seawater of pH 7.55 lowest condition. The approximate difference with level of DNA damage was 2.9 times between highest and lowest of pH. DNA damage with decreasing pH was significantly increased with DNA tail moment on blood cell of marine fish (ANOVA, p < 0.001). Ocean acidification, especially inducing the leakage of sequestered CO2 in geological structure is a consequence from the burning of fossil fuels, and long term effects on marine habitats and organisms are not fully investigated. The physiological effects on adult fish species are even less known. This result shown that the potential of dissolved CO2 in seawater was revealed to induce the toxic effect on genotoxicity such as DNA breakage.