PURPOSES: This study is to predict the Sound Pressure Level(SPL) obtained from the Noble Close ProXimity(NCPX) method by using the Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm employing the taylor series and Linear Regression Analysis based on the least square method. The objective of utilizing EKF Algorithm is to consider stochastically the effect of error because the Regression analysis is not the method for the statical approach. METHODS: For measuring the friction noise between the surface and vehicle’s tire, NCPX method was used. With NCPX method, SPL can be obtained using the frequency analysis such as Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT), Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) and Constant Percentage Bandwidth(CPB) Analysis. In this research, CPB analysis was only conducted for deriving A-weighted SPL from the sound power level in terms of frequencies. EKF Algorithm and Regression analysis were performed for estimating the SPL regarding the vehicle velocities. RESULTS : The study has shown that the results related to the coefficient of determination and RMSE from EKF Algorithm have been improved by comparing to Regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS : The more the vehicle is fast, the more the SPL must be high. But in the results of EKF Algorithm, SPLs are irregular. The reason of that is the EKF algorithm can be reflected by the error covariance from the measurements.

Lesion mimic mutants commonly display spontaneous cell death in pre-senescent green leaves under normal conditions, without pathogen attack. Despite molecular and phenotypic characterization of several lesion mimic mutants, the mechanisms of the spontaneous formation of cell death lesions remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the rice lesion mimic mutant spotted leaf3 (spl3). In mutants grown under a light/dark cycle, spl3 mutants appeared similar to wild type at early developmental stages, but lesions gradually appeared in the mature leaves close to heading stage. By contrast, in mutants grown under continuous light, severe cell death lesions formed in developing leaves, even at the seedling stage. Histochemical analysis showed that hydrogen peroxide accumulated in the mutants, likely causing the cell death phenotype. By map-based cloning and complementation, we showed that a 1-bp deletion in the first exon of Oryza sativa Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase1 (OsMAPKKK1)/OsEDR1/ OsACDR1 causes the spl3 mutant phenotype. We found that the spl3 mutants were insensitive to abscisic acid (ABA), showing normal root growth in ABA-containing media and delayed leaf yellowing during dark-induced and natural senescence. Expression of ABA signaling-associated genes was also less responsive to ABA treatment in the mutants. Furthermore, the spl3 mutants had lower transcript levels and activities of catalases, which scavenge hydrogen peroxide, probably due to impairment of ABA-responsive signaling. Finally we discuss a possible molecular mechanism of lesion formation in the mature leaves of spl3 mutants.

A comparative phenotypic study between bl2 and spl6 mutant wasperformed to characterize spot formation mechanisms of bl2 mutant. Small spots appeared at the seedling stage in bl2 and later it covered large round areas on the leaves whereas, relatively small red spots in parallel line on both leaf surfaces at late tillering stage were observed in spl6. Vegetative and reproductive growth was reduced due to lesion formation at early age in the mutants. Lower growth habit and agronomic trait value was observed in mutants as compared to wild type plants. Genetic segregation data among F2 population revealed that both mutants are recessive in nature. Mesophyll chloroplast was not found in spotted area which demonstrates the damage of chloroplast cell at spotted area due to cell death. Transmission electron microscopy also confirmed the chloroplast damage. Increased level of total chlorophyll and hydrogen peroxide content were observed till 45 days of growth after transplantation under natural environment and dropped at 60 days. Catalase activity was increased until 45 days and decreased at 60 days whereas very slight level difference in protein content was observed. However, increasing level of total ascorbic acid contents were found in spl6 and bl2 as compared with wild type till 60 days after transplantation. Higher expressions of OsPDI and OsGPX1 in bl2 spotted leaves were found whereas OsTPX expression was very low in the spotted leaf. (This research was supported by the National Research foundation of Korea, Grant 0070065).

Rice lax panicle (lax) mutant had defect in early inflorescence differentiation and lateral branch formation and exhibitedfewer numbers of rachis branches and spikelets in the panicle. The mutant also had abnormality in floral organ formation. Whereas, the spotted leaf 6 (spl6) mutant produced lesions in absence of pathogen. Analysis with a lax spl6 double mutant indicated both genes are controlled by single recessive factor and linked on chromosome 1 with 7 centiMorgan map distance. The lax gene was fine mapped within the 261.3 kb region between RM7594 and RM5389 that predicted 10 open reading frames (ORF) as candidate for lax gene. Sequencing of the candidates in the lax mutant revealed a substitution of nucleotide T by G corresponding to an amino acid substitution from serine (S) to alanine (A) at the 117th position within the coding region of the candidate ORF bhlh123. The intronless 1080 bp cDNA of LAX gene contains an ORF of 215 amino acids and encoded a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Analysis of a 5.1 kb genomic fragment of the lax gene from homozygous dominant progeny which corresponded to indica cultivar resulted in a long deletion of 24 nucleotides in the upstream of LAX cDNA. (This research was supported by the National Research foundation of Korea, Grant 0070065).