도로의 포장 상태의 노후화나 관리미흡으로 인하여 시민의 사유 재산 중 주요한 요소인 자동차 등의 손상이나 자동차 사고 로 이어질 수 있어 큰 사회적 비용이 발생할 뿐 아니라, 시민들의 불편과 불만을 초래할 수 있다. 최근 도로 포장의 경우 포트홀 발생 건수와 그에 따른 민원 및 소송 건수가 증가해 행정력 및 예산이 낭비되고 있으며, 서울시의 경우 포장도로 노후화 추이가 증가함에 따라 유 지 관리 비용 또한 증가하고 있다. SOC 시설물 안전성 강화에 대한 사회적 요구는 지속적으로 증가하고 있어 한정된 예산의 효율적 활용을 위한 첨단 유지관리기술 도입이 시급하다.

PURPOSES : Fine dust significantly affects the atmospheric environment, and various measures have been implement to reduce it. The aim of this study is to reduce fine dust on roads by implementing porous pavements and a clean road system using the low-impact development technique. METHODS : We conducted quality tests (draindown, cantabro loss rate, tensile strength ratio, dynamic stability, and indoor permeability coefficient tests) and performance evaluation (dynamic modulus and Hamburg wheel-tracking tests) on the porous asphalt mixture. Subsequently, we constructed a porous pavement road in a test bed and conducted a permeability test. In the test bed, we installed a nozzle, a water tank, and a fluid pump to water the roadside. After the clean road system was completely installed, we measured the concentration of fine dust before and after water was sprayed. Additionally, we conducted a total suspended solids (TSS) test to confirm the reduction in re-suspended dust. RESULTS : All results from the quality test of the porous asphalt mixture satisfy the standards stipulated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Results from the dynamic modulus test show a low plastic deformation resistance but a high fatigue crack resistance. The results from the Hamburg wheel-tracking test satisfy the U.S. Department of Transportation standards. After the porous pavement was constructed, a permeability test was conducted, and the result satisfies the standard value. Using a particle counter, we measured the concentration of fine dust before and after water spraying, and results show 12.08% and 10.23% for PM10 and PM2.5 particles, respectively. The results from the TSS test show that after the initial water spray, almost all re-suspended dust are removed from a road. In unfavorable road conditions, almost all re-suspended dust are removed after a second water spray. CONCLUSIONS : The results of all of quality tests performed on a porous asphalt mixture satisfy the standards. By applying the results to a test bed, the problem of securing water is solved. Using the clean road system, 12.08% and 10.23% of PM10 and PM2.5 particles are removed, respectively. The system removes PM10 particles (larger particles) more effectively compared with PM2.5 particles. IN the future, we plan to revise the maintenance plan such that the porous pavement can exhibit long-term performance. Because pipe freezing may occur in the winter, we plan to analyze the periodic maintenance plan of the porous pavement and develop a solution to mitigate the issue of freezing pipes in the winter.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to reduce greenhouse gases and prevent potholes on roads by evaluating the performances of hot and warm mixed asphalt mixtures. METHODS : Quality tests were conducted using an appropriate aggregate ratio of the asphalt mixture. The tests for comparing the warm mixed asphalt mixture are the indirect tensile strength and toughness, Marshall stability and flow, tensile strength ratio, and dynamic immersion test. A performance evaluation was conducted using a mixture that satisfied the quality test results. A performance evaluation test was also conducted using the dynamic modulus and Hamburg wheel tracking test. To analyze the performance based on the amine content, the performance was compared with that of a hot mixed asphalt mixture. RESULTS : All tests for the mixture results satisfied the standard values. The optimal amine content was analyzed through the high and low frequencies of the dynamic modulus test results and stripping inflection point with the final rut depth of the Hamburg wheel tracking test. The dynamic modulus test results demonstrated better crack resistance and plastic deformation when a high amine content ratio was used. The Hamburg wheel-tracking test showed water resistance and plastic deformation resistance. The test results of the Hamburg wheel tracking indicated better deformation resistance and water resistance when a high amine content ratio was used. CONCLUSIONS : The plastic deformation and crack resistance increased with an increase in amine content. Analysis of the comprehensive test revealed that the optimal amine content was between that of additives B(50%) and C(65%). Tests with a granular amine content are planned to confirm the specific components. Also planned are a simplified viscoelastic continuum damage test and a semicircular bending test to evaluate the performance better.

PURPOSES : This study compared the performance evaluation of a hot mix asphalt (HMA) and asphalt mixture of a warm-antistrip agent. METHODS : A mix design applying Korean standards was conducted to evaluate the performance evaluation. Thereafter, the quality standard evaluation of the asphalt mixture produced was conducted, and if all quality standards were satisfied, a performance evaluation was conducted. Types of performance evaluation included the Hamburg wheel tracking test and dynamic modulus test. RESULTS : As a result of the Hamburg wheel tracking test, the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent obtained a lower sedimentation value at 10000 times and 20000 times. This result is considered to have higher plastic deformation resistance of the asphalt mixture with a Warm-antistrip agent than HMA. The U.S. Department of Transportation stipulates that plastic deformation resistance is excellent if the asphalt mixture does not exceed 20,000 times the precipitate of 20 mm. Therefore, we confirmed that the plastic deformation resistance of the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent was excellent. Additionally, the master curve was analyzed by synthesizing the results of the dynamic modulus test. When analyzing the low load cycle at the bottom left of the master curve, the dynamic modulus value of the master curve was higher in the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent than in the HMA. In addition, when analyzing the high load cycle part, the dynamic modulus of the HMA was measured to be higher than that of the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent. Accordingly, the resistance to fatigue cracking of the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent was considered superior to that of the HMA. CONCLUSIONS : As a result, we confirmed that the asphalt mixture with a warm-antistrip agent that satisfies the Korean quality standards had better plastic deformation and fatigue resistance for all performance evaluation tests conducted in this study than the HMA. However, since the Hamburg wheel tracking test did not significantly differ in the amount of sedimentation in the performance evaluation tests and the mixture using one additive was compared with HMA, studies on the effects of various additives containing warm-antistrip agents are required.

PURPOSES : In a previous study, an error was detected in data pertaining to the direction and velocity of a roller. Hence, in this study, the correlation between these two variables and acceleration data is analyzed. Relevant algorithms are developed by adding variables to existing algorithms. METHODS : A tachometer and GPS are used to acquire the velocity, compaction direction of rollers, and number of compactions. Subsequently, data input to an accelerometer are compared and analyzed. RESULTS : Based on FFT analysis, it is discovered that the data are inaccurate when a forward reverse is performed. Using the GPS, the velocity of the roller is differentiated based on the number of pledges, and then added as a variable to the algorithm. Subsequently, it is evaluated and analyzed only with data during forward movement based on changes in the latitude and longitude. CONCLUSIONS : It is discovered that the acceleration data values from both the left and right rollers differ owing to their weight difference, as indicated by the asphalt gradient. Data changes based on asphalt gradients are analyzed using gyro sensors. If the correlation between the two sets of data is high, then the algorithm is advanced by introducing a cross spectrum after calibrating the acceleration value based on the gradient.

PURPOSES : Graphene nanoplates, which have recently been in the spotlight in various fields, are a layer of graphite used in pencil leads, with carbon arranged in hexagonal honeycomb shapes. The graphene is 0.2 nanometers thick, and it possesses high physical and chemical stability, high strength, and conductivity. These graphene nanoplates have been studied for application in various devices such as semiconductors and batteries, and in the construction sector, where they are used as additives to improve the durability of cement concrete. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical, and functional properties of graphene-modified asphalt mixtures. METHODS : In this study, the graphene input content of asphalt mixture samples was determined using an asphalt performance grade (PG) test. Based on the results of the test, their strength, stiffness, thermal properties, and electrical conductivity were evaluated. Indirect tensile strength test and dynamic modulus (DM) test were conducted to evaluate the strength and stiffness, and thermal conductivity tests and electrical conductivity evaluations were conducted for determining the functionality of the graphene-modified asphalt mixtures. The thermal conduction test was used to measure the external temperature change over time by placing a general heated asphalt mixture and graphene-modified asphalt with the same raw material-specific mixing ratio inside the temperature chamber in order to measure the heat conductivity. The electrical conductivity was evaluated using a digital multimeter to measure the resistance of DC voltage and DC current via a 4-probe method. RESULTS : The performance grade (PG) test results showed that, for a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), both tests met the baseline and that physical changes in the binder did not appear evident with graphene addition. Furthermore, each content met the baseline for the bending beam rheometer (BBR). The increasing ratio of flexural creep stiffness approached the maximum when 7.5% graphene was used. In indirect tensile strength test, an average of thrice the indirect tensile strength for graphene-modified asphalt was 0.92 N/mm2, which was approximately 0.04 N/mm2 higher than the average measured three times that of hot mix asphalt mixture, with the same raw material mixing ratio. In the thermal conduction tests, the temperature and the rate of change of temperature of the graphene-modified asphalt mixture were higher than those of the hot-mix asphalt mixture. Lastly, the results of the electric conductivity test using the 4-probe method showed that the electrical conductivity increased slightly as the graphene content increased, but overall, it showed very low electrical conductivity. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, the potential for enhancing the physical and functional performance of graphene nanoplates applied to asphalt mixtures was demonstrated. However, it is practically difficult to arrange graphene particles continuously within an asphalt mixture, which is believed to have very low electrical conductivity.

PURPOSES : The driver's ability to make a commitment has resulted in excessive force and a lack of commitment. To solve this problem, we are developing an algorithm that analyzes resolution in real-time by introducing IoT and informs drivers of the completion of compaction. METHODS : Real-time compaction was analyzed by installing accelerometers on the rollers. To evaluate the algorithms, we conducted an apparent density test. RESULTS : The algorithm data and apparent density test data showed similar trends. This means that the proposed algorithms are sufficiently reliable. However, a lack of data samples and the fact that only data prior to completion of the commitment were analyzed may indicate a lack of reliability. CONCLUSIONS : In subsequent studies, the number of samples will be increased and the data after completion of the commitment analyzed to increase reliability. Introducing a tachometer will prevent the TVL from falling sharply when the direction of the rollers' progress changes. In addition, it is also planned to upgrade the algorithms by researching cases in which the algorithms did not produce satisfactory results owing to problems such as temperature and speed.

佛典을 연구하는 사람들은 흔히 不立文字라고 하지만, 어찌 글자의 쓰임을 구분하지 않고 문장을 올바르게 이해할 수 있겠는가? 마음이라고 다 같은 마음은 아니다. ‘心ㆍ意ㆍ識’이 서로 다른 마음이고, 마음을 닦는다고 할 때 그 마음은 오직 하나의 마음이 아니고, ‘닦아야 할 대상이 되는 마음’, ‘닦고자 하는 주관의 마음’, ‘닦고자 목 표로 설정한 마음’, ‘닦아 나갈 때 마주하는 단계 단계의 마음’, ‘닦아서 종국에 이른 마음’ 등으로 분류할 수 있어서, 불전에서 자주 사용되는 ‘心ㆍ意ㆍ識’이나 ‘不覺ㆍ本 覺ㆍ始覺ㆍ相似覺ㆍ隨分覺ㆍ究竟覺’ 등의 용어를 분명히 나누어 알면, 佛典뿐만 아니 라 한자로 쓰인 문장을 이해하는 데 크게 도움이 된다. 이에 佛典에서 자주 쓰이는 ‘보다’類의 動詞로 ‘見ㆍ看ㆍ觀’과 ‘示ㆍ視’ 등에 관해 본고에서는 ‘示ㆍ視’를 ‘見ㆍ看ㆍ觀’과 비교하는 방법으로 살펴보아 아래의 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, ‘示ㆍ視’는 色境을 앞에 내놓고 보여주거나, 色境이 앞에 놓여있어서 그냥 시각적으로 받아들이는 것이지만, ‘見ㆍ看ㆍ觀’은 시각 행위의 주체가 시신경에 들어온 사물을 과거의 경험이나 혹은 사회적 배경 등 의도를 가지고 바라보는 것이 라 할 수 있다. 둘째, ‘示’는 ‘대상을 드러내 보이다’라는 의미이다. ‘視’는 보이는 대상이 먼저 주어진 다음에 보는 것으로, ‘見’이 보려는 의도를 가지고 본 후 그 결과를 지식으로 삼는 것인 반면, ‘視’는 色境이 놓여있어서 본다는 의미가 강하다고 할 수 있다.

PURPOSES : Over the years, the concentration of fine dust is gradually increasing, thereby aggravating the seriousness of the situation. Accordingly, this study intends to install a clean road system using low impact development (LID) techniques on the roadside in order to reduce the scattering of dust on roads effectively. This system stores rainwater collected through gutters in rainy weather and sprays water onto the pavement surface to reduce the scattering of road dust. METHODS : The developed clean road system consists of a water tank, controller, rain detection sensor, and solar cell. Based on this, a test-bed construction was used to evaluate its applicability. By applying the developed system, actual applicability was evaluated through total suspended solid (TSS) test and fine dust measurement. TSS test was conducted to measure the reduction rate of scattering dust on the road owing to the water injected by the clean road system. A spray nozzle was used for the TSS test, and a nebulization nozzle was used for the measurement of fine dust. In order to increase the reliability of the test, three measurements were taken each, for normal road as well as unfavorable conditions road that reproduced the construction site. RESULTS : In this study, fine dust concentration measurement and TSS test were conducted to evaluate the practical applicability of the developed clean road system. From the TSS test, it was found that for both general roads and roads depicting bad conditions, the TSS value after the first spray was the highest, and the value after the second spray was sharply reduced, such that most of the re-dispersed dust was washed out after the first spray, and similar TSS value results were obtained after the third spray. Based on this result, the result of fine dust measurement showed similar fine dust reduction effect of 9%-15.9% regardless of the concentration of fine dust in the atmosphere. These results indicate that the concentration of fine dust in the atmosphere does not significantly affect of the degree of reduction in fine dust. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, a clean road system for reducing fine dust on the road was developed and its applicability was evaluated. In a future study, we intend to check the performance of the drainage pavement through performance evaluation of water permeability coefficient test and performance test in the form of drainage pavement. Through this, we intend to evaluate the applicability of the clean road system to which drainage pavement is applied. Moreover, we will develop a clean road system that applies drainage packaging, and analyzes the degree of fine dust reduction according to the spray angle, spray amount, and spray time of the clean road system in order to study the spray system with the optimum amount of fine dust reduction. In addition, in order to reduce fine dust in the winter, when fine dust is mainly generated, it is planned to install heating wires in spray pipes where freezing is expected. Lastly, the black ice prevention effect will be analyzed by mixing a certain amount of sodium chloride when spraying water.

PURPOSES: The intensiveness of highway management has increased owing to the growth in the number of vehicles and the rapid climate change. The disadvantages produced by these factors can affect management time and cost. Serious traffic accidents and traffic jam may be experienced when snow fall accumulates on highway surfaces and the friction between tires and pavements is lower than that in the general state, in a non-management condition. Such conditions need intensive management. In this regard, one of the spread methods used for the melting material is pre-wetted salt (PWS), which is the frequently used method in South Korea. In the PWS method, the solid material with CaCl2 is mixed with water in 30% concentration and then finally mixed with NaCl before application to pavements. The chloride-type melting material not only is cheaper, but also has a high melting property than the others. It can shorten the pavement or structure life by deterioration and corrosion. This melting material can affect the flora near the highways; hence, an eco-friendly de-icing agent must be utilized considering the environmental effect. METHODS : The Kalman filter algorithm (KFA) was utilized herein to develop optimization models using the performed test data. The KFA, which was developed from recursive filter algorithms, such as the low- and high-pass filters, applies a weighting filter to the Kalman filter. The algorithm has the property of utilizing the filter and updated estimations. In this regard, melting tests were performed for the real applicative utilization of de-icing agents. The KFA was also applied to reduce the error rates and optimize the relationships between the test data and the predictions. RESULTS: Comparing the measurements performed, the error was reduced by 1.69 g when the KFA was applied. Moreover, the error can be optimized to approximately 91.4% compared to the test errors. The prediction data had over 85% tendency in the test measurement, showing that the KFA application can reduce the error and increase the tendency. By comparison, the agent with CaCl2 showed the best ice melting performance within 10 min without surface temperature. However, the PWS with a 25% concentration indicated the best water melting performance from start to end of the test time, implying that this is a powerful agent in terms of performance. CONCLUSIONS : The melting test is an artificial test method; therefore, it can generate a huge error from the test. The error and the tendency can be controlled by tracking the measurement error and the white noise matrix using the KFA. A further research will be performed to track the measurement error and the white noise matrix. Other optimization methods will also be applied to reduce the experimental error.

PURPOSES: Investigating road pavement conditions using an investigation vehicle is challenging especially if repeated driving is required on the by-lane, and the traffic in the investigation section is heavy. A technology used to investigate the road pavement conditions is studied herein using image data obtained by drone photography. METHODS : Flight plans were made for the survey areas, and ground control point measurements were performed. The research section was filmed using drones. The acquired image data were modeled using Pix4Dmapper. The images taken by the drones were used to investigate the road pavement cracks. A digital surface model was extracted from the Pix4Dmapper modeling results using the Global Mapper program to investigate plastic deformation and flatness. As regards plastic deformation, the elevation of each point was extracted at intervals of 50 cm and 10 cm in the longitudinal and lateral directions, respectively, for 20 m× 10 m of the entire road. In terms of flatness, the elevation values for each point were extracted at intervals of 5 cm and 10 cm for the wheel path and 20 m for the entire roadway. RESULTS: This study compared drone-captured images, which were consistent, and vehicle scan images and confirmed that the former can detect a large number of cracks on road surfaces. The results showing the difference in the elevation values of the road surface indicate that the section, wherein the plastic deformation occurs throughout the entire road surface, can be identified and evaluated. With regard to flatness, in future studies, the long-directional elevation value of the target segment extracted using Global Mapper is likely to be derived from the International roughness index, which is the international flatness index used in the ProVAL program developed and used by the Federal Highway Administration. CONCLUSIONS : The road pavement status investigation conducted herein by utilizing drone-acquired images showed that repeated driving in a section is not required, and various analyses can be made in a single shot. If technologies, such as artificial intelligence, big data, and Internet of Things, which are the key components of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, are adapted, they can be used to investigate road pavement conditions and inspect completely constructed road lines and major road facilities.