Approximately 40,000 elevators are installed every year in Korea, and they are used as a convenient means of transportation in daily life. However, the continuous increase in elevators has a social problem of increased safety accidents behind the functional aspect of convenience. There is an emerging need to induce preemptive and active elevator safety management by elevator management entities by strengthening the management of poorly managed elevators. Therefore, this study examines domestic research cases related to the evaluation items of the elevator safety quality rating system conducted in previous studies, and develops a statistical model that can examine the effect of elevator maintenance quality as a result of the safety management of the elevator management entity. We review two types: odds ratio analysis and logistic regression analysis models.

This study aims to assess the seismic performance of retrofitted reinforced concrete columns using a Replaceable Steel Brace (RSB) system, subjected to combined axial, lateral, and torsional loadings. Through experimental testing, one non-retrofitted concrete column specimen and two retrofitted specimens with variable sliding slot lengths were subjected to eccentric lateral loads to simulate realistic seismic loading. The retrofitted specimens with RSBs exhibited enhanced resistance against shear cracking, effective torsional resistance, and demonstrated the feasibility of easy replacement. The RSB system substantially improved seismic performance, achieving approximately 1.7 times higher load capacity and 3.5 times greater energy dissipation compared to non-retrofitted column, thus validating its efficacy under combined loading conditions.

The purpose of this study is to experimentally analyze the seismic performance of column with RSB (Replaceable Steel Brace), a steel brace system with slot length as a variable. To evaluate the seismic performance of the RSB, three specimens were manufactured and subjected to cyclic loading tests. The length of the sliding slots were considered to be 5 mm and 10mm to enable the brace to resist the load from the initiation of flexural crack and shear crack. As a result of the test, the specimen reinforced with the RSB showed improved maximun load and effective stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity compared to the non-reinforced specimens. The specimens with 5mm sliding slot showed little difference in test result compared to the specimen with a 10mm sliding slot, indicating that the length of sliding slot has little influence on the effectiveness of RSB.

This study aims to develop a cultural heritage curriculum for climate change and present educational directions for cultural heritage and climate change impact in the future. In this study, the role and necessity of cultural heritage education for climate change were first discussed based on previous studies on climate change and cultural heritage. Next, the current status analysis of educational cases related to climate change and cultural heritage was conducted based on educational manuals, curriculum, and heritage competency systems associated with climate change. Finally, we propose a plan to develop a curriculum to cope with climate change and cultural heritage for graduate students in higher education institutions based on the four components of developing a curriculum. In future studies, we intend to propose guidelines for designing educational manuals and specific curricula for each educational target to cope with the climate change of cultural heritage presented in this study.

The purpose of this study is to develop a method for establishing an educational system for World Heritage interpretation applicable to World Heritage sites and to design an education program for World Heritage interpretation by applying the developed education system in this study. This study first identified the definition of interpretation and the relationship between interpretation and education through previous research and analyzed the role and significance of heritage interpretation due to the paradigm transition in the capacity building of World Heritage sites. Next, the educational status of World Heritage interpretation was analyzed through educational institutions, educational subjects, and curriculum examples. Finally, this study argues that a method for establishing a World Heritage interpretation education system should be presented according to the composition of the curriculum, and the interpretation curriculum planning by interpreters should be proposed focusing on the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of World Heritage sites.

Recently, elevator inspection and self-examination were strengthened through the revision of the Elevator Safety Management Act, but there have been no significant reduction in serious accidents and major failures. Therefore, the government intends to lay the foundation for reflecting the safety quality rating system, which adjusts the elevator inspection cycle, as a policy to induce safety management of preemptive and active management entities. This study systematically reviewed and classified the safety quality rating system for elevator inspection cycle adjustment in previous studies, collected expert opinions, and reconstructed the key items into realistic evaluation items, and evaluated and scored the relative importance of each factor through the AHP technique.

The collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings is mainly caused by the failure of columns. To prevent brittle failure of RC column, numerous studies have been conducted on the seismic performance of strengthened RC columns. Concrete jacketing method, which is one of the retrofitting method of RC members, can enhance strength and stiffness of original RC column with enlarged section and provide uniformly distributed lateral load capacity throughout the structure. The experimental studies have been conducted by many researchers to analyze seismic performance of seismic strengthened RC column. However, structures which have plan and vertical irregularities shows torsional behavior, and therefore it causes large deformation on RC column when subjected to seismic load. Thus, test results from concentric cyclic loading can be overestimated comparing to eccentric cyclic test results, In this paper, two kinds of eccentric loading pattern was suggested to analyze structural performance of RC columns, which are strengthened by concrete jacketing method with new details in jacketed section. Based on the results, it is concluded that specimens strengthened with new concrete jacketing method increased 830% of maximum load, 150% of maximum displacement and changed the failure modes of non-strengthened RC columns.

The Precast concrete(PC) modular structures are a method of assembling pre-fabricated unit modules in the construction site. The essential aim of modular structures is to introduce a connection method that can ensure splicing performance and effectively resist shear strength. This study proposed PC module using a connecting plate that can replace splice sleeves and shear keys used in the conventional PC modular structures. To evaluate the splicing performance and shear capacity of the proposed method, the shear test was conducted by fabricating one monolithic reinforced concrete(RC) beam and two PC modular beams with a shear span-to-depth ratio as variables. The experimental results showed that the shear capacity of the PC modular beam was about 89% compared to that of the RC beam, and showed a failure of the RC beam according to the shear span-to-depth ratio. Therefore, it was considered that the connecting plate effectively transferred the stress between each PC module through the joint and ensure integrity. In addition, the applicability of shear strength equation of ACI 318-19 and Zsutty's equation to PC modular beams were evaluated. Results demonstrated that the improved shear strength equations are needed to consider reduction of shear strength in PC modules.

Precast concrete (PC) modules have been increased its use in modular buildings due to their better seismic performance than steel modules. The main issue of the PC module is to ensure structural performance with appropriate connection methods. This study proposed a PC modular beam system for simple construction and improved structural and splicing performance. This modular system consisted of modules with steel plates inserted, and it is easy to construct by bolted connection. The steel plates play the role of tensile rebar and stirrup, which has the advantage of structural performance. The structural performance of the proposed PC modular beam system was evaluated by flexural test on one reinforced concrete (RC) beam specimen consisting of a monolithic, and two PC specimens with the proposed PC modular beam system. The results demonstrated that the proposed PC modular beam system achieved approximately 86% of the structural performance compared to the RC monolithic specimen, with similar ductility of approximately 1.06 fold greater.

In this study, the design of anchorage zone for unbonded post-tensioned concrete beam with single tendons of ultimate strength 2400MPa was evaluated to verify that the KDS 14 20 60(2016) and KHBDC 2010 codes are applicable. The experimental results showed that the bursting force equation of current design codes underestimated bursting stress measured by test, because the KDS 14 20 60(2016) and KHBDC 2010 propose the location of the maximum bursting force 0.5h which is the half of the height of member regardless of stress contribution. Although the allowable bearing force calculated by current design codes was not satisfied the prestressing force, the cracks and failure in anchorage zone was not observed due to the strengthening effect of anchorage zone reinforcement.

This paper discusses the influence of transverse reinforcement spacing and support width of concrete wide beam on shear performance. In order to evaluate the shear performance, a total of thirteen specimens were constructed and tested. The transverse reinforcement spacing, the number of legs and support width were considered as variables. From the test results, the shear strength equation of concrete wide beam is proposed for prediction of shear strength of concrete wide beam to consider the transverse reinforcement spacing and support width. It is shown that the proposed equation is able to predict shear strength reasonably well for concrete wide beam.

In this study, the static load test and the load transfer test were carried out to evaluate the structural performance of the circular anchorage proposed by the previous study. Specimens were fabricated according to KCI-PS101 and ETAG 013. As a result of the static load test, it was verified that the displacement of the wedge and the strand was kept constant when the tensile force of 80% of the nominal strength of the strand was applied. In the load transfer test, it was confirmed that all the specimens satisfied the stabilization formula of KCI-PS101 and ETAG 013. Post-tensioned one-way slab with circular anchorage were fabricated to evaluate the flexural behavior. All specimens exhibited the same flexural behavior and maximum load. However, the specimen with circular anchorage were advantageous than the rectangular anchorage one in terms of crack control of the anchorage zone.

In the post-tensioned concrete member, additional reinforcement is required to prevent failure in the anchorage zone. In this study, the details of reinforcement suitable for the anchorage zone of the post-tensioned concrete member using circular anchorage was proposed based on the experimental results. The tests were conducted with the compressive strength of concrete and reinforcement types as variables. The experimental results indicated that the additional reinforcement for the anchorage zone is required when the compressive strength of concrete is less than 17.5 MPa. U-shaped reinforcement shows most effective performance in terms of maximum strength and cracks patterns.

As an alternative to coupling beam in shear wall system, application of the damper which can dissipate energy is increasing. In this study, lintel beam type steel damper which is simple to construct and change depending on design load was proposed. Cyclic loading test was conducted to compare reinforced concrete coupling beam and lintel beam type steel damper. The test results showed that lintel beam type steel damper has higher initial stiffness and energy dissipation capacity than reinforced concrete coupling beam.

Shenyang was one of the representative transportation hub of Northeast China during the modern period. The formation and development of the railway network gave great influence on Shenyang’s city development. In order to understand the relationship between railway and city development, first, we classified Shenyang’s city development period by the railway network’s formation and expansion process. Then, we analyzed the relationship between railway and city space by five categories. The results of this study are as follows. First, before railway was constructed, Shenyang was a castle city, which also was the economic center of Northeast China. This was the main reason Shenyang was chosen as a railway zone. During the modern period, the castle structure became an obstacle to city transportation and environment, therefore, it was disposed. During the period of railways’ expansion, South Manchuria, Jingfeng and Shenhai railway line was constructed in Shenyang. Since each line had different operation organizations, city sites along the railways were planned separately. However, these operation organizations had one common purpose, which was to use railway as an accelerator for economic development. During the period of railway’s military usage, railway was reorganized as military supply transport for the Japanese, which also was used as a tool for the expansion of colonialism. Second, after Shenyang’s city space was reconstructed along the railway, it created a close connection with city structure, city facilities, landscape and city transportation system. Hence, the railway system played a key role in modern city planning.

항생제 및 항균 물질 등의 오, 남용으로 인하여 항생제 내성균들이 등장, 사회적으로 큰 문제가 되고 있으며, 최근에는 식물이나 probiotics 등과 같이 항생제를 대체할 수 있는 물질에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내에서 오래 전부터 민간 요법으로 사용되어 오던 백련초 (Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten)를 이용하여 in vitro와 in vivo에서 Salmonella enteyica serova. Enteritidis (S. enteritidis), S. enterica serova. Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) DT104 및 Escherichia coli O157:H7에 대한 항균능을 평가하였다 백련초의 수용액이 포함된 Moulter Hinton agar에 Salmonella spp. 및 S. coli O157:H7를 접종한 결과 이들 균에 대한 억제능(inhibitory activity)을 확인할 수 있었다. 백련초 제제를 경구투여한 군에서 분변으로 배출되는 S.typhimurium DT104의 수가 급격히 감소하였고, 낀 후에는 더 이상 분변으로 균이 배출되지 않았으며, intestinal IgA가 유의적으로 증가함이 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 백련초가 in vitro에서 S. enteritis, S. Typhimurium DT104와 E. coli O157:H7대한 항균력을 나타낼 뿐만 아니라 마우스의 gastrointestinal tract에서 역시 Salmonella에 대한 항균력을 보임을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 백련초 및 그 성분을 이용한 병원성 세균의 제거 및 면역 증진 효과 등과 같은 연구의 필요성이 확인되었고, 그 응용 가능성도 매우 높을 것으로 사료된다.

강 알칼리 이온수인 GC-100X의 항균력을 6가지 주요 식품위해 미생물들에 대해 시험하되 4℃, 25℃ 및 36℃의 서로 다른 온도조건과 유기물 조건 하에서 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 GC-100X는 37℃, 3시간 반응 조건 하에서 모든 유해균에 대해 1.0X 10^4 CFU/ml감소 이상의 효과를 나타내었으며 멸균 증류수나 표준 경수로 2배 희석한 경우에도 동일한 결과를 나타내었다. 유기물이 존재할 경우는 항균력의 약화가 관찰되었고, 그람 양성균에 대한 항균력은 높지 않았으나 그람 음성균에 대해서는 강력하고 빠른 사멸능력을 나타내었다. 방울 토마토에 인위적으로 E. coli O157:H7을 부착시키고 그에 대한 GC-100X의 세척효과를 기타의 세척제들과 비교해 본 결과, GC-100X 원액, GC-100X 5% 용액은 100 ppm 염소용액과 유사한 세척효과를 나타내었으며 시판 주방용 합성세제에 비해 그 성능이 우수하였다. 또한 시판 주방용 합성세제와는 달리 GC-100X, GC-100X 5% 및 3% 100 ppm 염소용액은 세척후 토마토 내부로의 균 침투를 억제하는 기능이 있음을 확인하였다. 이 결과는 식품 위생과 주방 청결에 일조할 하나의 방안으로서 안전성, 항균력, 세척력을 갖춘 GC-100X의 식품분야 적용 가능성을 시사하고 있다.

본 연구에서는 5종의 유산균들 (Lactobacillus reuteri, L. acidophillus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei and Bifidobacterium longum)의 식중독 균들에 대한 항균력을 조사하였다. 각 유산균들을 3가지 서로 다른 조건 (MRS+glucose, MRS+0.5 M glycerol, 0.25 M glycerol solution)에서 배양한 후 그 상층액이 포함된 Moulter Hinton Agar에 8종의 유해균들을 접종하였다. MRS+glucose, MRS+0.5 M glycero에서의 상층액을 이용한 실험에서는 L. reuteri의 항균력이 다른 유산균들에 비해 높지 않았으나 0.25 M glycerol solution에서는 탁월하게 높은 결과를 나타내었다. (p<0.05). 0.25 M glycerol solution에서 나타난 높은 항균력은 L. reuteri가 glycerol을 이용하여 생산하는 reuterin이란 물질 때문이라 생각되며, 0.25 M glycerol solution의 상층액을 500 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)를 통해 분석한 결과 reuterin의 존재를 확인할 수 있었다. 3가지 조건 하에서의 항균력 시험 결과 가장 높은 항균력을 나타낸 3가지 유산균들 (Lactobacillus resuteri, L. bulgaricus, L. casei)을 선발, 각각 최고의 항균력을 나타낸 조건으로 배양하여 최소사멸농도 (minimum bactericidal concentration)를 측정한 결과, L. reuteri가 생산한 reuterin이 광범위 항균물질임을 확인하였다. 또한 pH 적정, pepsin 혹은 trypsin 처리를 한 후 3가지 유산균들의 항균력 변화를 조사한 결과 L. bulgaricus와 L. casei의 항균력은 이러한 조건에서 상당히 감소한 반면 reuterin의 항균력은 아무런 영향을 받지않았다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과들로 보아 주요 유산균들 중에서 L. reuteri의 항균력이 가장 우수하면서 광범위하였으며 이는 L. reuteri가 분비하는 항균물질인 reuterin에 기인한 것으로 사료된다. 또한 reuterin의 항균력은 타 유산균과는 달리 장관내 pH나 단백질 분해효소에 의해 영향을 받지 않으므로 인체나 동물 장관에서 가장 높은 효력을 가진다고 판단할 수 있다.