본 연구에서는 커피생두의 로스팅 과정에서 쉽게 발견되는 커피 은피(coffee silver skin)의 열수와 에 탄올 추출물을 사용하여 항산화, 미백, 주름개선, 세포독성실험을 진행하였다. 커피 은피의 열수와 에탄올 추출 물은 농도가 증가함에 따라 농도 의존적으로 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성이 높아졌으며, 열수 추출물보다 에탄올 추출물이 항산화력이 높게 나타났다. 특히 에탄올 추출물의 경우 50 μ g/mL에서 92.26%의 ABTS 라디칼을 소거시켜 양성대조군과 비슷한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 미백효과의 정도를 조사하기 위하여 tyrosinase 저해효과와 DOPA 산화 저해효과를 조사한 결과 농도 의존적으로 저해효과를 나타내었다. 또한 주름개선효과의 정도를 조사하기 위해 elastase와 collagenase 저해 효과를 조사한 결과 elastase와 collagenase를 농도 의존적으로 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 각질형성세포(HaCaT)를 이용하여 세포독성 및 증식실험을 진행하였다. 커피 은피 추출물의 세포생존율은 무처리 대조군과 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 그러므로 커피 은피는 주름개선, 미백, 항산화 효과를 나타내므로 화장품에 응용 가능한 기능성 소재로 평가된다.

본 연구에서는 항산화 기능을 가진 자소엽, 어성초 그리고 녹차 추출물들과 이들 추출물의 혼합물을 사용하여 항산화, 미백, 세포독성실험을 진행하였다. 자소엽, 어성초와 녹차의 추출물을 동일 양으로 혼합하였을 때 처리농도가 증가함에 따라 농도 의존적으로 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성이 높아졌으며, 추출물을 혼합한 경우 낮은 농도인 10 μg/mL에서도 80.2%, 98.0%의 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼을 소거시키는 우수한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 미백효과의 정도를 조사하기 위하여 tyrosinase 저해효과를 조사한 결과 자소엽과 녹차추출물 그리고 각 추출물의 혼합물이 농도 의존적으로 tyrosinase 저해효과가 증가되었다. HaCaT 세포를 사용한 세포독성실험의 경우 자소엽, 어성초 추출물의 경우 세포생존율이 무처리 대조군과 같거나 높게 나타났으며 특히 어성초추출물의 경우 100 μg/mL에서 무처리 대조군 보다 10% 이상의 높은 생존율을 보였다. 녹차와 각 식물 추출물 혼합물의 경우 500 μg/mL 이상에서는 무처리 대조군에 비하여 세포생존율이 감소하였다. 그러므로 세 가지 식물의 추출물 혼합물이 100 μg/mL 농도일 때 세포에 안전하며 높은 항산화 활성과 함께 tyrosinase 저해 효과가 있었다.

A comparative phenotypic study between bl2 and spl6 mutant wasperformed to characterize spot formation mechanisms of bl2 mutant. Small spots appeared at the seedling stage in bl2 and later it covered large round areas on the leaves whereas, relatively small red spots in parallel line on both leaf surfaces at late tillering stage were observed in spl6. Vegetative and reproductive growth was reduced due to lesion formation at early age in the mutants. Lower growth habit and agronomic trait value was observed in mutants as compared to wild type plants. Genetic segregation data among F2 population revealed that both mutants are recessive in nature. Mesophyll chloroplast was not found in spotted area which demonstrates the damage of chloroplast cell at spotted area due to cell death. Transmission electron microscopy also confirmed the chloroplast damage. Increased level of total chlorophyll and hydrogen peroxide content were observed till 45 days of growth after transplantation under natural environment and dropped at 60 days. Catalase activity was increased until 45 days and decreased at 60 days whereas very slight level difference in protein content was observed. However, increasing level of total ascorbic acid contents were found in spl6 and bl2 as compared with wild type till 60 days after transplantation. Higher expressions of OsPDI and OsGPX1 in bl2 spotted leaves were found whereas OsTPX expression was very low in the spotted leaf. (This research was supported by the National Research foundation of Korea, Grant 0070065).

Rice with purple colored pericarp deposit anthocyanin on the seed coat and color accumulation increased rapidly during seed development. The purple color of rice pericarp is genetically determined by the Prp locus. Inheritance of purple pericarp was studied in Prp/ Kumgangbyeo (indica type Korean variety). Pericarp color of the F1 plants was purple and the F2 population of 274 plants segregated into 3 purple: 1 white ratio indicating dominant nature of the purple color. Comparative proteomic approaches using 2-DE were applied to analyze the protein profiles and molecular mechanism of purple color formation in ricepericarp. Results revealed that approximately 1,500protein spots were reproducibly detected in the gels with silver staining across the two biological replicates. Among them, 46 proteins were expressed differentially between purple color pericarp rice and white color pericarp of the wild type rice, in which 28 and 16 protein spots were more than two fold up regulated in the wild type and purple pericarp, respectively. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of nine spots revealed that putative fructokinase,embryo-specific protein and one unknown proteins were abundant in the wild type, whereas, anthocyanidin synthase, putative chloroplast inner envelope protein, and dihydroflavonol reductase were highly abundant in the Prp rice. Results indicated anthocyanidin synthase and/or dihydroflavonol reductase might be involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the purple color formation in the rice pericarp. [This research was supported by the Grant funded by Agricultural R&D Promotion Center, ARPC (IPET project number: 108091-05-1-CG000)].

Rice lax panicle (lax) mutant had defect in early inflorescence differentiation and lateral branch formation and exhibitedfewer numbers of rachis branches and spikelets in the panicle. The mutant also had abnormality in floral organ formation. Whereas, the spotted leaf 6 (spl6) mutant produced lesions in absence of pathogen. Analysis with a lax spl6 double mutant indicated both genes are controlled by single recessive factor and linked on chromosome 1 with 7 centiMorgan map distance. The lax gene was fine mapped within the 261.3 kb region between RM7594 and RM5389 that predicted 10 open reading frames (ORF) as candidate for lax gene. Sequencing of the candidates in the lax mutant revealed a substitution of nucleotide T by G corresponding to an amino acid substitution from serine (S) to alanine (A) at the 117th position within the coding region of the candidate ORF bhlh123. The intronless 1080 bp cDNA of LAX gene contains an ORF of 215 amino acids and encoded a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Analysis of a 5.1 kb genomic fragment of the lax gene from homozygous dominant progeny which corresponded to indica cultivar resulted in a long deletion of 24 nucleotides in the upstream of LAX cDNA. (This research was supported by the National Research foundation of Korea, Grant 0070065).

We have discussed here the phenotypic and genetic characteristics as well as proteomic analysis of lesion mimic mutants (LLM) in rice. LLM is one of the mutants that induces cell death without infection of pathogen and produces defense signaling pathways. As the phenotypic expression, most LLMs induce spots on the leaf blades and leaf sheaths at their various developmental stages. We have discussed the nature of bl1, bl2, spl1, spl3, spl4, spl5 and spl6 LLMs in rice which were formed developmentally controlled spot on the leaf blades that were appeared as tiny dotted spots during tillering stage and gradually increased up to maturity. Through Northern blot analysis lower levels of rubisco large subunit and rubisco small subunit were observed in spotted leaves (sp) compared to non-spotted leaves (nsp). However, catalase was severely degraded in the sp. Broken thylakoid membranes of mesophyll chloroplasts were seen in nsp sections and were absent in sp sections of the mutant. Through 2-DE analysis 159 protein spots were differentially expressed between wild type and mutant from identified 800 reproducibleproteins, where 114 spots were up-regulated and 45 were down-regulated. Among quantified 25 protein spots, except two, all of the protein spots including protein disulfide isomerase, transketolase, thioredoxin peroxidase, ATP synthase, and rubisco large and small subunits were identified in the wild type but were absent in the mutant. However, catalase was up-regulated in the mutant. Genetic analysis indicated that studied bl1, bl2 and spl6 mutants are controlled by a single recessive gene.

Photoperiod sensitive genetic male sterile (PGMS) rice is sterile mutant controlled by photoperiod. A PGMS mutant 920S was sterile grown under long-day (LD) photoperiod (14 h light/10 h dark) but fertile grown under short-day (SD) photoperiod (10 h light/14 h dark). Proteome analysis revealed that 12 protein spots were differentially expressed in the spikelets of 920S plants either treated with LD or SD photoperiod. Among these proteins, three proteins including chlorophyll a/b binding protein, vacuolar ATPase β-subunit,~;α-tubulin and an unknown protein were more than three-fold abundant in the spikelet of the SD-treated plants than those of the LD-treated plants. On the other hand, eight proteins including acetyl transferase, 2, 3- biphosphoglycerate, aminopeptidase N, pyruvate decarboxylase, 60S acidic ribosomal protein and three unknown protein spots were more abundant in the spikelets of the LD-treated plants than those of the SD-treated plants. The results suggest that the observed proteins may be involved in sterile or fertile pollen development under LD or SD photoperiod respectively in the PGMS mutant rice.

Cheonsu is a new japonica rice cultivar tolerant to drought. This cultivar was developed from the cross Ilmibyeo// Juanbyeo/Salshare, where the parent Ilmibyeo is a japonica cultivar with high eating quality, Juanbyeo is a japonica for direct-seeding cultivation, and Salshare is a japonica weedy rice from Korea. The preliminary and replicated yield trail on Cheonsu was carried out at Yeungnam University in 2001, 2002 and 2003, and the local adaptability test was carried out by the National Seed Management Office (NSMO), Korea, in 2004 and 2005. This cultivar was registered to NSMO, Korea, as variety Cheonsu in 2006. Cheonsu has about 122 days growth duration from transplanting to harvesting. This cultivar has stature with 81cm of culm length. The milled rice yield of Cheonsu is about 5.10 MT/ha under standard fertilizer level of the ordinary transplanting cultivation. Amylose content of this cultivar is 18.3%.

Sanho is a new japonica rice cultivar with brown pericarp color (Fig. 1). This cultivar was developed from the cross Ilmibyeo//Ilmibyeo/Pyeongtaekaengmi 4, where the recurrent parent Ilmibyeo is a japonica cultivar with high eating quality, and the donor

Phenotypes of panicle, hull and seed of mutant rice (Oryza sativa L.) were characterized. Panicle mutants were classified in 4 groups with their internode length of main rachis, primary rachis, secondary rachis and pedicel. Hull and seed mutants were grouped into 12 based on their mutant characters in shape, size and color of seeds. These natural and spontaneous mutant collections showed distinct phenotypes to wild type rice. This might be useful for the identification of the functions of genetic factors in the Mendelian inheritance.

Photoperiod sensitive genetic male sterile (PGMS) rice 920S was characterized as sterile when it was grown under longday condition but fertile when grown under short day condition. PGMS rice 920S, Fl and F2 plants were examined for their fer-tilities unde