PURPOSES : This study reveals the social cost of illegal parking. Roadside illegal parking causes additional traffic congestion, air pollution, and traffic accidents. Several cities try to reduce illegal parking for the same reasons and build public parking spaces. However, few studies have been conducted on the effects and social cost of illegal parking problems. METHODS : In this study, a real-world study site was selected for the calibration of the VISSIM micro-simulator parameters, and several scenarios were created for developing illegal parking effect models. According to the simulation results, this study demonstrated five regression models that illustrated the average travel speed drop effects and the differences in emissions. RESULTS : Depending on the scenarios, the travel speed was dropped by 20 km/h–57 km/h and the levels of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide were increased by 111 g–279 g and 22.5 g–56.3 g, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, a methodology for estimating the social cost of illegal parking was established. Therefore, it is expected to contribute to the evaluation of policies related to illegal parking or the feasibility of facility investment.

loom 1993 to 1996, 1,500 cases of foodborne disease was reported annually in Korea. Salmonellosis were 55.1% of the reported bacterial fordborne disease cases. However, in general, it is estimated that the reported incidence of salmonellosis represents less than the real incidence. This study showed that salmonellosis estimates 177,000 cases (about 150 times of reported cases) costing 5.9 billion won in Korea. Only medical costs and productivity losses were included in the estimate of costs of the 177,000 cases estimated to occur in 1996. This estimates were considerably difference to U.S.A. in cases and costs, but not significantly difference in cases/population (%), expense/GDP (%). Understanding the social economic costs of foodborne disease will be endorsed risk assessment as a necessary method for evaluation and improving food safety regulatory programs in Korea.

For management of hazardous waste, the Ministry of Environment regulates fewer items and has fewer test methodsfor toxic chemicals than developed countries. Regulated items should be expanded in order to strengthen the managementof hazardous waste and comply with international trends. For conducting to quantify the cost and value of the expansion,we estimated the amount of toxic waste and evaluated applicability and economic effects of the expansion of regulateditems to the industry. Through a survey of domestic and foreign studies, we reviewed the substances (e.g. F and Ni) thatare regulated as hazardous chemicals and planed a road-map for gradual expansion of regulated items. The analysis oftreatment cost had been focused on the result of leachate and total content analysis of regulated 7 inorganic materials(Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Cr+6, and CN) and unregulated 8 inorganic metals (F, Ni, Zn, Se, Sb, Ba, Be, V), and also totalcontent analysis of unregulated 4 organic materials (PAHs, PCDD/DFs, HCB, and PCBs) in Korea. With the result ofcontent concentration of unregulated 8 inorganic metals, we could estimate that they were discharged about 4.644millionton/year from industries in Korea. Also, The amount of waste from oil refining, steel, and casting factory was more than50% of total generated waste in Korea.