In-beop-dang (因法堂) is a building type that can confirm the complex space composition of the hermitage in the late Joseon Period, which is designed to accommodate various functions such as Buddhist priesthood, living spaces, and auditoriums. These facts have been confirmed mainly through plan analysis in many previous researches. However, such a plan composition has the potential to lead to more in-depth research when dealt with consideration of the Korean traditional wooden structure. In particular, the composition of upper structure in In-beop-dang with Toi-maru in front of the On-dol room can be considered from the perspective of structural response to wooden architecture in the Joseon period after the introduction of Toi-maru. Based on the achievements of these prior studies, this paper was conducted to examine the compositional characteristics, including the upper structure of the Wha-jang-am (華藏庵) In-beop-dang. In order to examine the universal aspects of structural type changes to cope with the complex spatial composition of the In-beop-dang, the cases of an in-mountain hermitage of Kim Nyong-sa(金龍寺) Temple, Geum-seon-dae (金仙臺), Yang-jin-am (養眞庵), and Dae-sung-am (大成庵).

To compare the configuration space in traditional gardens of Korea, China and Japan has important implications for understanding the differences and clarify the identity of our gardens and architecture. Korea, China, and Japan are all han-character culture country. Though they have very strong affinity on culture and thinking, the three gardens respectively show their own cultural characteristics of the countries. The most outstanding characteristic of a Korean garden is the composition well-attuned to nature, which not only respects the beautiful natural environment with high mountains and splendid streams but also incorporates the artificial. The Chinese garden is characterized by the epitomization of grand nature through imitation of natural scenes such as valleys, caves, and waterfalls, and creation of an environment that’s like an abode of immortality. What is characteristic of the Japanese garden is the emphasis on the beauty created through artificial composition of nature and artificial transformation of trees based on interpretation of nature from the perspective of Zen Buddhism. Specifically, it seeks an ideal combination of natural and artificial.