This research attempts to identify the issues which make it more difficult to safeguard transboundary protected areas in the ASEAN countries. The research has found that national forest law, which relates only to the territory of each country, is not sufficient to safeguard the transboundary protected areas that spread across the boundaries of two or more countries. There is no national law, regional convention, or bilateral agreement among the ASEAN countries which directly provides for the conservation of transboundary protected areas. This author has adopted a legal approach to the protection of transboundary protected areas in Europe and has proposed that a regional convention or agreement should be used as an instrument to promote cooperation and sustainable management for the conservation of transboundary protected areas and to deal with problems that do not stop at national borders. The relevant domestic laws should be consistent with such a prospective regional convention or agreement.

Since the Japanese government recently unveiled a plan to release radioactive water into the ocean, the neighbouring countries have expressed concerns. In particular, certain environmental groups claimed that the execution of this operation would have a significant impact on the marine environment in the region. In light of significant potential risks, this article argues that such an operation is likely to trigger an international dispute at an international court or tribunal for several reasons. Accordingly, this article would like to explore the highly likely international litigation. First, the background of this potential international litigation, including the reasons why the operation may end up at an international court or tribunal are addressed. Subsequently, certain legal and factual issues that are expected to be contested between the parties at the court or tribunal are discussed. Finally, this article discusses some of the expected outcomes of this likely international litigation, including reparation.

Every September and October, entities in the palm oil and timber industries in Indonesia conduct slash-and-burn activities over peat land, causing transboundary ‘haze’ pollution. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of various legal solutions to tackle the transboundary haze pollution. There are mainly three forms of international law, customary international law, the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze 2002 and Singapore’s extraterritorial Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014. Their effectiveness will be measured by Indonesia’s increasing willingness to take domestic enforcement measures. This paper argues that the ASEAN Agreement is the primary instrument despite its lack of sanctions as it is neutral, non-confrontational and consistent with the ‘ASEAN way.’ The Singapore Act plays a complementary role, yet its invocation may strain relations between Singapore and Indonesia. Ultimately, the three forms of international law serve as a normative and facilitative source in nudging Indonesia to take more stringent domestic enforcement measures.

Inappropriate recycling/disposal processes that are caused by the illegal transboundary movement of electronic wastes (e-wastes) can have harmful effects on the environment and public health because of these wastes’ harmful components. Therefore, we must understand the current situation regarding the domestic management of exported/imported e-wastes and examine the international requirements according to the Basel Convention. In this study, the current management situation of e-wastes in domestic and foreign countries and the present recycling processes of companies in Korea are investigated to draw improvements when e-wastes are exported or imported. Most imported e-waste involves waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) and their scraps (more than 95.7 % of the total e-waste volume in 2015) to recover precious metals such as copper, silver, gold, etc. To distinguish between waste and non-waste under the Basel Convention, six items (① market for used electronic and electrical equipment (UEEE), ② residual life and appearance, ③ functional tests, ④ evidence of UEEE deals, ⑤ evidence of contracts to a trade partner, and ⑥ packaging and loading conditions) and a decision flowchart are considered to classify whether the end-of-life equipment is waste.

폐기물의 국가 간 이동 시 선진국 등 자국의 폐기물에 대한 엄격한 규제를 피하기 위해서 부적정 처리를 진행해 왔으며 이러한 이슈는 국제문제로 대두되었다. 특히 1976년 이탈리아 소베소에서 발생한 다이옥신 유출사고 때 증발한 폐기물이 1983년 그린피스에 의해 프랑스의 한 마을에서 발견되었고, 그 후 1987년 6월 ‘유해폐기물의 환경적이고 건전한 관리를 위한 타이로 지침과 원칙’이 채택된 카이로 지침을 바탕으로 1989년 3월 스위스 바젤에서 세계 116개국 대표가 참석한 가운데 바젤협약(1992년 5월 협약 발효)이 채택되었다. 이에 따라 우리나라는 1994년 바젤협약에 가입함에 따라 폐기물국가간이동법을 제정하여 수출입 폐기물을 바젤협약의 분류체계로 전환하였으며, 최근에는 수출입 규제폐기물과 관리폐기물로 구분하여 관리하고 있다. 최근 들어 바젤협약 당사국총회에서는 국가 간 수출입 폐기물 규제와 효율적인 관리를 위한 제도마련을 회원국들에 요구하고 있으며, 우리나라(환경부 및 국립환경과학원)에서도 이에 맞추어 수입 및 수출되는 폐기물의 통관절차･이동･유통･저장 및 재활용 처리 등 전 부분에 걸쳐 관리체계의 개선에 대해 효과적인 방안을 모색하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 규제 및 관리폐기물 판단기준 부제, 폐기물과 중고제품 구분의 모호성, 수출입 폐기물 품목 세부 분류의 필요성 등 많은 문제점이 나타나고 있는 것도 사실이다. 이에 대해 본 연구에서는 수출입 폐기물 관리체계 개선을 위한 문제점과 이를 극복할 앞으로의 해결 방안에 대해 언급하고자 하였다.

To improve the management of the transboundary movement of waste, the management system for the transboundary movement of hazardous waste in both Korea (Republic of) and other foreign countries was reviewed. It was found that, for the improvement in the listed waste, the revision of the HSK code for waste and the strategy for international situation should be considered in Korea. The listed waste in Korea was found to be lacking the detailed classification to accommodate the listed waste of Basel Convention. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the listed waste in Korea in accordance with the listed waste of the Basel Convention. The HSK code for waste should be revised to identify the different type of items between a new item and a used item. Hence, it is necessary to subdivide the HSK code for used goods and wastes. Each country has amended its laws and management systems for securing resources globally and for protecting the environment in its own country. Finally, the strategy for the international situation should be intensified in the management of transboundary movement because the prohibited wastes in transboundary movement were suddenly expanded in China.

이 연구는 남북 공유하천의 바람직한 관리 비전과 목표를 수립하기 위해서 북한강의 임남댐 사례를 통해 합리적인 관리 전략을 세우는 것을 목적으로 한다. 방법론적으로는, 게임이론의 접근 방법을 통해 남북한 공유하천 문제의 해법을 찾아보았다. 기존의 논의가 주로 남북 간의 비협조적인 상황 하에서의 대응전략을 주요한 관심으로 한 데 비해 본 연구에서는 보상을 연계시킨 협조게임의 접근방법으로 남북 간의 협력의 가능성을 시나리오를 설정하여 분석하였다. 또 남북이