The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the overall economic growth of countries. Governments have taken various measures to prevent the spread of the virus, resulting in a significant increase in unemployment, such as young people who are disadvantaged groups such as first-time job seekers and inexperienced fresh graduates. The concept of sustainable development has been gradually recognized by most countries as an important principle in international regulations. It has been reflected in international treaties, judicial cases, and initiatives. To alleviate the pressure of youth unemployment, China has adopted a series of policies and measures, which are consistent with the concept of sustainable development. This paper intends to focus on the current situation of China’s youth employment market and relevant laws and policies to improve it. It draws on the measures taken by other countries to deal with youth unemployment and puts forward suggestions from the perspective of sustainable development.

This study aims to analyze the characteristics, causes, and context of youth unemployment.This study will focus, in particular, on why youth unemployment needs more attentionthan in any other age group. The young are relatively disadvantaged compared to the middle-aged who enjoy first mover advantage. This is why the segmentation accordingto age group in labor markets is considered a primary issue in social policies, includinglabor market policy. Based on these arguments, this study discusses two major issues. First,based on theoretical discussions regarding labor markets and unemployment, this study will look at some general ideas and particulars that the young unemployed have. Youth unemployment has both ‘general characteristics’, as a sub category to unemployment and‘demographical particularities’ as unemployment issues particular to certain age groups. Second, this study will examine where unemployment among the young in South Koreastands by looking at the current status and structure of the youth labor market in SouthKorea. By doing so, this study will discuss what youth unemployment policies should bepursued both politically and economically, in order to address these issues.

고령화사회의 도래는 각 나라별로 정도와 속도의 차이가 있기는 하지만 21세기 대부분의 국가에서 맞게 될 공통의 사회적 현상이다. 이는 출산율 저하와 평균수명의 연장 등에 의하여 일어나는데, 우리나라의 경우 서구 국가들에 비하여 비교가 안 될 정도로 고령화 속도가 빠르게 나타나 약 20년 내에 고령화사회에서 고령사회로 진입하게 될 전망이다. 이는 인구 고령화의 문제가 앞으로 다가올 먼 미래의 문제가 아니라 이미 진행되고 있는 현재의 문제라는 것을 인식할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 고령화에 대응하여 현재 고령자의 노동력과 노동시장의 변화를 살펴보고, 고령자를 위한 고용정책으로 선진국과 비교 분석하였다. 또한 우리나라의 고용보험과 선진국의 고용보험에 대하여 조사하고 비교 분석하여, 고령화시대에 나아가야 할 고용보험의 발전방향에 대하여 논의하였다. 현재 우리나라의 경우 고령화에 대비한 적극적 고령화 정책과 수단이 미흡한 실정이다. 특히 고령화 선진국에 비하여 소득보장체계가 미흡하고, IMF 이후 한국 기업의 고용정책의 변화가 심하게 일어나 고령자에 대한 고용이 체계적으로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 즉, 고용보험 전달체계의 미비, 실업급여수급권 보장의 불평등 구조 및 민주성 확보의 미흡으로 인하여 고령화 문제를 대처하고 있지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 선진국의 경우 적극적인 노동시장정책을 통한 실업의 예방 및 근로자의 평생교육훈련체계의 구축과 실업급여 수급 남용방지를 통한 실직자의 재취업 촉진을 유발하였다. 즉, 실업급여를 지급하여 유휴노동력의 경제활동 참여를 증가시키고, 고용정보의 제공과 적극적 취업을 알선함으로써 구직기간을 단축시키고, 실업기간을 줄여 실업률을 감소시키는 정책을 구축하고 있다. 우리나라에서는 고용안정사업과 직업능력개발사업 등 을 통하여 고령자의 고용을 돕는 프로그램이 실시 중에 있으나 정부가 자율적으로 주관하지 못하는 시스템과 대량실업의 발생, 무리한 실업금여 수준 및 수급기간, 비전문적인 문제점으로 인하여 큰 활성이 나타나지 않았다.따라서 고용보험제도는 4가지 정책적 대안을 갖추어야 할 것이다. 첫째, 노후 삶의 질 유지를 위한 노동시장 구조개선 및 고용촉진 정책 등이 필요하다. 여기에는 퇴직 전문인력의 활용이라는 측면과 저소득층 고령자에 대한 직접적인 일자리 창출 측면에서 유․무급자원봉사를 적극적으로 조직하여야 할 것이다. 또한 취업취약계층에 대하여 국가가 임금보조금을 지급하여 고용을 촉진하는 프로그램을 연구해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 평생학습을 통한 취업능력을 키워야 할 것이다. 현재 평생학습기회의 접근이라는 면에서 고령자는 불리한 위치에 있다. 따라서 교육을 받고 싶은 사람은 교육을 받을 수 있는 시스템이 갖추어져야 할 것이다. 셋째, 취업알선 인프라를 구축하여야 할 것이다. 이 밖에도 정기적인 실태조사와 연구에도 일정한 정도의 투자가 계속 되어야 할 것이다. 노동시장 수급실태와 전망에 근거하여 고령자의 경쟁력이 뒤떨어지지 않는 분야를 발굴하여 고령자의 취업유망직종으로 홍보하는 노력도 필요하다. 넷째는 그동안 고령자가 일해온 직업과 경력을 가능한 오래 연정하도록 하는 것이다. 결론적으로 모든 정책대안을 제시한다 하더라도 고령자 자신의 마인드가 중요하다. 즉, 고령자는 고용가능성을 높일 수 있는 직업능력개발, 변화적응력, 그리고 건강유지를 지켜야 할 것이다. 그리고 정부는 고령자에 대한 편견 불식 및 고용연장 분위기 조성, 고령자 적함직종 및 직무 개발, 선진사례 홍보, 고령자고용단체 설립, 고령자 고용기업 및 고령자 개인에 대한 지원체제 재구축 등의 조치가 있어야 할 것이다. 고령화는 개인, 기업, 그리고 사회도 시기의 문제일 뿐 결코 피할 수 없는 사회적 현상이다. 고령화사회는 청년사회에 비해 고용방식, 임금제도, 노사정의 태도 등 패러다임의 전환을 요구한다. 패러다임의 전환이 이루어질 때 고려와 사회로 인한 각종 폐해는 최소화될 수 있을 것이다.

Flextime system labor problem appeared by social issue going through a late 97s economic crisis. The most important thing among gravity is that act for factor who do to magnify gulf between rich and poor because do so that may polarize labor market at central part and neighborhood and makes preservation of society integration hardly social economy enemy of flextime system worker's spread. Furthermore, new economy surrounding has attribute that deepen uncertainty social bipolarization according as order by 21th century information-oriented society, globalization, knowledge base economy. Therefore, role of the country that control spread of flextime system in fixed level is more important first of all and application of employment insurance may do that have important meaning and social deliquescence.

This study examines factors of unemployment and career path challenges commonly faced by youth in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The study employed a quantitative approach which involved a total of 1,083 youths in Kelantan, Pahang and Terengganu selected at random. Descriptive and multiple regression analysis (OLS) methods were used to analyze demographic distribution of youth in determining factors influencing unemployment among them. The results reveal that the majority of youth respondents in the East Coast states of Malaysia are still unemployed and actively seeking employment. Demographic profiles are based on the survey results, youths seeking employment with 36 per cent distribution in Kelantan, 34 per cent in Pahang, and 30 per cent in Terengganu. Majority of the respondents were youths aged 20 to 24 years with a 40.9 percent percentage. The findings show that there are differences in factors affecting youth unemployment in the three states of East Coast, Malaysia. For Kelantan (age, experience, work mobility, marital status), Pahang (experience, marital status) and Terengganu (experience, gender, marital status, training). This study suggests that youths should be wise in preparing for their career by choosing the right career as well as doing side jobs to gain experience before they pursue for a real job.

The COVID 19 pandemic has led to a new global recession and is still causing a lot of issues because of the delays in the employment of people. This scenario has severe consequences for many countries’ labor markets in the world. This problem’s complexity and importance requires an integrated method of subjective and objective evaluation rather than intuitive decisions. This research aims to investigate sustainable indexes for assessing the unemployment problem by using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model (MCDM). Grey theory and Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (GDEMATEL) are deployed to transform the experts’ opinions into quantitative data. The analysis based on 20 crucial criteria is employed to determine the weights of sustainability of unemployment problems. The results revealed that the top ten of determinants are Economic growth, Industrialization, Foreign direct investment, Real GDP per capita, Education level, Trade Openness, Capacity Utilization Rate, Urbanization, Employability skills, Education system expansion, which have the most significant effects on the unemployment rate under COVID 19 impacts. Furthermore, GDEMATEL could effectively assess the sustainable indicators for unemployment problems in “deep and wide” aspects. The study proposes the Grey MCDM model, contributes to the literature, provides future research directions, and helps policymakers and researchers achieve the best solutions to the unemployment problems under “economic shocks.”

This study estimates the nature of the relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment in the Philippines over the 2001-2017 period. The paper employed a range of cointegrating regression models, namely, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, Johansen-Juselius (JJ) and Engle-Granger (EG) cointegration models, dynamic OLS, fully modified OLS, and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) estimation techniques. The Granger causality based on error correction model (ECM) was also performed to determine the causal link of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. The ARDL bounds testing approach, Johansen-Juselius (JJ) and Engle-Granger (EG) cointegration models confirmed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. The long-run coefficients from JJ and dynamic OLS show significant long-run and positive relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. While results of the long-run coefficients from fully modified OLS and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) found that only entrepreneurship has significant and positive relationship with youth unemployment in the long-run. The Granger causality based on error correction model (ECM) estimates show evidence of long-run causal relationship of entrepreneurship and business confidence on youth unemployment. In the short-run, increases in entrepreneurship and business confidence causes youth unemployment to decrease.

This study intended to examine the relationship between inflation and unemployment rate in Indonesia during 1987 to 2018 period. The study applied a quantitative method using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) in order to comprehensively understand the causality between inflation and unemployment rates. The data were collected from various main sources including the World Bank, Central Bank of Indonesia, and Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The findings showed that inflation has a one-way relationship toward unemployment in Indonesia and it occurs at the third lag. Impulse Response Function (IRF), shows that the inflation rate are fluctuating in response to the shock of unemployment. The unemployment rate responses to shocks from inflation initially increased until it is eventually diminished. It shows that the shocks caused by the impact of inflation were only in the short term. Further, inflation in the three previous lags will have consequences for the unemployment rate in the year. Lastly, both in the long run and short run, unemployment did not affect inflation rates. These findings suggest that high inflation in Indonesia is determined the rising price of basic commodities and fuel. In addition, most companies in Indonesia applying capital intensive so that employment growth in Indonesia is small.

Purpose – This study empirically analyses the changes in unemployment rates to understand push factors of generating wage pressure and how it affects the aggregate demand in Korea and the United States. We use a structural macroeconomic model which is centered on the labor market and simultaneously explains the natural rate of unemployment and deviations. Research design, data and methodology – We attempt to empirically analyse the unemployment rates through two countries to analyse the economic effects of real wages and aggregate demand between 2000 and 2016. We introduce having estimated the whole model that the growth of unemployment into the part caused by each of these factors. Results – The results of this study show that in the long run, there is not only a natural level of employment but also a natural level of real demand are positively related. in the short run, demand can vary from bring about changes in employment by means of price or wage surprises. Conclusions – The pressure of demand in the labor market shows up strongly in both countries. The estimated labor-demand equation are consistent with this framework and generally have well defined real wage and demand effects.