Based on conceptual metaphor theory and speech act, this study aims to examine the communicative functions of language use by analyzing texts used in Seoul’s urban design. Considering that life in a modern society is based on the ecosystem of its cities, the importance of urban design in increasingly felt by modern individuals who share limited space and move along predetermined routes. According to El-Khoury and Robbins (2004), urban design is both an abstract and relative concept, and the purpose of a city can be interpreted differently according to differences in experience and perspective. Conceptual metaphorical language expressions not only have a communicative function but also provide the hearer with a certain perspective by concretizing the events or phenomena indicated by the speaker. Metaphorical language expressions based on metaphors created by the speaker perform speech acts by serving as an effective means of persuasion and communication (Searle 1979). We examine the linguistic aspects based on the metaphor of the development of illocutionary forces in Seoul’s urban design texts.

Shu Ting’s poems attach importance to the expression of personal feelings and show concern for individual value. Although this was not in line with the mainstream ideology of the times, Shu Ting’s poetry did not carry out direct confrontation and rebellion, but radiated the external world through the observation of inner feelings. In this creative process, the poet uses rich images and makes these images multi-directional through metaphor. Based on this, interpreting the images in Shu Ting’s poetry from the perspective of conceptual metaphor can help readers go deep into the text and have a deeper understanding of the internal meaning of Shu Ting’s poetry. From the perspective of conceptual metaphor theory, this paper makes a cognitive interpretation of the flower image in Shu Ting’s poetry from three aspects: flower is human, flower is spirit and flower is life experience. While supplementing previous studies, it provides a new perspective for the in-depth interpretation of the flower image in Shu Ting’s poetry. In Shu Ting’s poetry, a plump flower image is constructed through conceptual metaphor, the cognitive domain of flower image is expanded, the internal tension of flower image is enhanced, and it presents people’s inner demands in the context of the new era on the basis of classical significance, which has modern significance. By analyzing the conceptual metaphor of flower images in Shu Ting’s poetry, we can deeply understand the multiple aesthetic connotation of Shu Ting‘s poetry.

Since sign language uses a visual and gestural mode it has more restrictions in designating concepts compared to spoken language, which uses an auditory-vocal mode. Therefore, sign language is prone to using more metaphorical and metonymical expressions. Since Lakoff and Johnson (1980), many researchers have paid great attention to the observation of the metaphorical and metonymical expressions in various spoken languages. However, the same phenomena have not been thoroughly explored in sign languages, in spite of the fact that sign language frequently employs metaphor and metonymy even in basic words. This paper observes the types of metaphor and metonymy that are used in the adjectives of Korean Sign Language. Because of the arbitrary relation of form and meaning in spoken language, metaphor and metonymy cannot be found in morphologically simple words in spoken language. However, in sign language, metaphor and metonymy are widespread phenomena even in morphologically simple words.

This paper introduces structural metaphor which is a type of conceptual metaphor and proposes another type of conceptual metaphor corresponding to the structural metaphor. It is called reverse structural metaphor since it has externally the same structure as structural metaphor but the property of the target and source domain is reversed. The purpose of this paper is to study and compare these two types of metaphor – structural metaphor and reverse structural metaphor - with specific metaphorical linguistic expressions found in political speeches based on conceptual metaphor theory. Especially, this paper shows that the metaphorical linguistic expressions which have not been explained by the existing structural metaphor and therefore ignored are settled by virtue of reverse structural metaphor. In the process, the characteristics of the reverse structural metaphor to be dealt with as an independent type of conceptual metaphor will be provided.

Among the appearances of fictive motion, there are the cases which don`t have motion verbs though they present motion. And fictive motion with motion verbs can be divided into two categories, one for tangible objects and the other for intangible objects. As a result, fictive motion can be classified into three categories, fictive motion without motion verbs, fictive motion with motion verbs for tangible objects and fictive motion with motion verbs for intangible objects. The purpose of this study is to search for the cognitive mechanisms of these three different categories, After investigating them, this study will show the differences and common features of the different categories of fictive motion.

In this paper, I argue that the surface constructions for change of state of abstract concepts such as price, mental state, state of life, and possession, passage of time, exchange of idea, etc. are patterned like a motion by means of spatial metaphor; and that English is a co-event language type, so the spatial metaphor is often realized by particles such as `up` and `down` expressing Path in a motion event and by contrast, Korean is a Path language type, so the spatial metaphor is exclusively expressed by means of motion verbs. I also argue that fictive motion such as mental or visual motion results from the metaphorical, subjective conceptualization of the coextensive phenomena such as scenery, roads, etc.