A Tenebrio molitor larva that is called mealworm is widely used as feed for raising a pet. Also, it is the insect that would be produced as the edible food for human. For these reasons, many researchers are revealing about physiologic characteristic of Tenebrio molitor to make good use of it. However, morphological characteristic of different larval stage is not specifically indicated and researchers have different opinions about the average number of Tenebrio molitor’s instar until now. This study, therefore, was carried out to examine the physiological and morphological characteristics of Tenebrio molitor larva in different larval stages, and the average number of Tenebrio molitor’s instar. As a result, all of the Tenebrio molitor larvae had 7~8 days during their incubation period and 3~4 days during the 1st instar period. After the 1st instar, there were comparatively large differences in the number of days in each instar. Before emergence, most of the larvae comparatively showed 15th~17th instars, particularly, the largest rate of pupae (28.83%) was observed in the 17th instar. In terms of the body length of each Tenebrio molitor larval stage, the body length was gradually increased by the 17th instar. Beyond the 17th instar, however, the body length was smaller than 17th instar. In the 1st instar, the larva had white color, and the color gradually changed into brown from the 2nd instar. Through this study, we could identify the accurate incubation period, 1st instar period, the average number of instar, body length and the color change in different larval stages. These results would be used as a fundamental data for further study about the physiological and morphological characteristic of each instar period.

The yellow spotless ladybug (YSL), Illeis koebelei is a kind of aboriginal ladybug in Korea. YSL feed on the fungi and extraordinary prefer to powdery mildew (PM). This study was conducted to investigate the developmental characteristic and the biological control effect on the cucumber PM by the YSL from 2010 to 2012. YSL were detected on the 12 species of host plants infected with PM. and occurrence was observed from the early of July to the early of November in Gyeonggi area. The feeding amount of YSL on the cucumber PM was in order of 4th larva, adult, 3rd larva, 2nd larva and 1st larva. The optimum developmental temperature and photoperiod for YSL was 20∼25℃ and 16L:8D respectively. Three species of fungi were selected as the short term substitution feed for YSL. Control effect on cucumber PM under 2.5% of occurrence rate was linearly increased in proportion to increased numbers of 3rd larva were applied. Combination treatment of the fungal agent with YSL enhanced suppression of cucumber PM more than either agent used alone. The safety agricultural chemicals were selected harmless to the survival of larva and adult of YSL. The survival rate of pupae and adult was over 80% after storage at 10∼12℃ for 30 days. Five species of banker plant were selected for maintenance of YSL during growing season in greenhouse.

Developmental periods of sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci(Gennaius) Q-biotype, were investigated on three host plants- sweet bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant(Solanum melongena L.) and oriental melon(Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa MAKINO). Egg and nymph development of B. tabaci were studied within temperature ranging of 15℃-35℃ by 2.5℃ under photoperiod 16:8(L:D). Egg period of B. tabaci was the shortest at 32.5℃ and nymphal period was shortest at 27.5℃ on sweet bell pepper. Nymphal period of B. tabaci on eggplant was the shortest at 27.5℃ as well. On the other hand, nymphal period of B. tabaci was shortest at 30℃ and 32.5℃. Lower temperature threshold and effective degree-day for completing egg development on sweet bell pepper were estimated as 13.11, 91.95, respectively. Lower threshold temperature of nymphal stage on sweet bell pepper, eggplant, oriental melon were estimated as 13.01, 13.39, 12.31,respectively. Degree-days required to complete nymphal stage on sweet bell pepper, eggplant, oriental melon were estimated as 191.22, 164.41, 190.34, respectively. The relationships between development rates of egg and nymph were well described by poikilothermal rate function and weibull function. The fitted curves will be used as input for a simulation model of the population dynamics of B. tabaci.

우리나라에서 한약재로 활용되고 있는 흰점박이꽃무지(Protaetia brevitarsis)와 장수풍뎅이(Allomyrina dichotoma)의 산란과 발육에 관여하는 환경요인을 밝히고자 본 시험을 실시하였다. 부엽토수분함량은 두 종 모두에서 과습이나 과습은 산란을 저하시켰고 산란 시 최적의 수분함량은 로 추정되었다. 부엽토 수분함량은 흰점박이꽃무지와 장수풍뎅이의 알 및 유충의 생존율과 발육기간, 그리고 유충의 섭식활동에 크게 영향을 주는 것으로 이들의 생육에 관여하는 가장 중요한 요인이었다.

대청호 남조세균 수화 기작에 대한 이해를 돕고자, 1997년부터 2002년까지 (2000년 제외)의 조사 자료를 바탕으로 남조세균 군집 특성을 해석하고 수화 발달 단계를 3단계로 구분하여 환경요인과의 관련성을 파악하였다. 남조세균 수화의 시작은 6월 하순부터 시작하며, 강과 호소의 중간 성향을 가진 정점 1부터 발생하였다. 대청호의 수화 발생 기간은 댐축 앞 지점인 정점 4를 기준으로 하는 경우, 약 60~70일이었으나, 1999년의 경우는 7월

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of cognitive development and motor development in children with developmental delays. Subjects were 43 children with a mean corrected age of 19.19 month (SD=7.48). The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) and the Bayley Scale of Infant Development-second edition (BSID-II) were administered to the total children. Statistical analysis was done by paired t-test and Pearson correlation, using SPSS software. The results were as follows: 1) Most of the children with developmental delays showed statistical delays on the mental scale rather than on the motor scale. 2) The correlation coefficients of cognitive performance and motor performance were ranged between r=.38 and r=.83 in children with developmental delays. 3) Lower motor performance showed significant association with lower cognitive score. The findings suggest that cognitive and motor performance in children with developmental delays was significantly correlated.