Withthe increasing trend of global trades and protection of agro-ecosystem in importing and exporting countries against quarantine pest, quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) fumigation in perishable commodities is now more important to maintain postharvest quality until delivering to end user not just eradiation of quarantine pest. However, there are limited use of MB fumigation on export fruits and vegetables due to phytotoxic damages of fumigated one. VapormateTM, alternative to methyl bromide(MB), a gas formulation of ethyl formate(EF) with carbon dioxide, is commercially in use for imported fruits fumigation such as bananas and lemon. Herein, based on previous preliminary studies, scale-up and commercial scale fumigation of ethyl formate is presented for promising export paprika and tomato. Efficacy of ethyl formate was described in terms of concentration × time (CT) products to Myzus persicae for paprika and Bemisia tabaci for tomato.

For replacement of methyl bromide(MB) in Korea, VapormateTM, a gas formulation of ethyl formate(EF) with carbon dioxide, are firslty introduced in import bananas and VivakilTM, a gas formulation of phosphine(PH3) with carbon dioxide, are ready to commercial use in export cut flowers. Their applications are being extended for other import and export commodities. Ethyl formate have been shown to have effectiveness short exposure time(<4hr) but it has a limited application at low temperature for TSM(Two spotted spider mites) due to some phytotoxic to strawberry. Phosphine gas has demonstrated their efficacy to TSM at low temperature but only meets quarantine requirement when applying longer fumigation time(>24hr) to control CA(cotton aphids). We firstly evaluated two MB alternatives, EF and PH3, have enhansive effect within short exposure time(4hr) at low temperature(5℃) for controlling both TSM and CA without any injury to export strawberries.

Methyl bromide (MB)는 대상범위가 넓고 속효성을 가지고 있어 세계적으로 널 리 사용되어 왔으나 오존층 파괴물질로 등록이 되어 대체 훈증제 개발이 시급한 상황이다. MB 대체 훈증제로 ethyl formate와 Eco2fume (PH3 2% + CO2 98%, PH3)의 월동형 점박이응애에 대한 살충효과와 단감에 대한 약해를 조사하였다. 월 동형 점박이응애는 경남 거창군의 사과 과수원에서 채집하였다. 훈증농도는 EF는 5.8~34.2 mg/L, PH3는 0.1~1.5 mg/L이었으며 훈증시간은 EF는 6 시간, PH3는 24 시간으로 두 약제 모두 5±1 ℃에서 처리하였다. EF의 경우 LD50과 LD99값은 각각 66.3, 148 mg h/L 이었다. PH3 경우 LD50과 LD99값은 각각 6.5, 57.8 mg h/L이었 다. 100% 사충률을 얻기기 위해서 EF는 148 mg h/L 이상, PH3는 57.8 mg h/L 이 상의 CT값이 필요하였다. EF와 PH3 훈증으로 인한 단감의 약해(경도, 당도, 부패 율 등)는 없었다.

Vapormate™, a new gas formulation of ethyl formate (EF) with carbon dioxide, is an alternative fumigant to methyl bromide (MB). The efficacy of the vapormate fumigation was evaluated on an acaricide susceptible and resistant Tetranychus urticae strains. A resistant strain showed resistance ratio (RR) of 21.9 and 379.6 to acrinathrin and chlorfenapyr, respectively. Fumigation was done in desiccators (6.8 L) which were empty or filled 30% in space with paprika for 6 h at 15℃ in the laboratory. The concentration adopted were 9.6, 17.2, 24.5, 36.4 mg/L in empty desiccator and 10.2, 17.9, 24.9, 35.2 mg/L in paprika-filled desiccator. In empty desiccator, susceptible and resistance T. urticae showed 100% mortality at higher concentration than 17.2 and 24.5 mg/L, respectively. In paprika-filled desiccator, susceptible and resistance T. urticae showed 100% mortality at higher concentration than 24.9 and 35.2 mg/L, respectively. Hatchability was greatly reduced by the fumigation. Hatchability was 3.7% in the empty desiccator at 9.6 mg/L and 37.2% in the paprika-filled desiccator at 10.2 mg/L.