Forward head posture (FHP) is a musculoskeletal disorder that causes neck pain. Several exercise interventions have been used in South Korea to improve craniovertebral angle (CVA) and relieve neck pain. There has been no domestic literature review study over the past 5 years that has investigated trends and effects of exercise intervention methods for CVA with neck pain. This domestic literature review aimed to evaluate the trends and effects of exercise interventions on CVA and neck pain in persons with FHP. A review of domestic literature published in Korean or English language between 2018 and 2022 was performed. Literature search was conducted on Google Scholar and Korea Citation Index by using the following keywords: “exercise,” “exercise therapy,” “exercise program,” “forward head posture,” and “neck pain.” Ten studies were included in this review. All of the studies showed positive improvements after intervention programs that included exercises. Notably, four of these studies demonstrated significant differences in results between the experimental and control groups. Among the 10 studies, nine measured visual analogue scale or numerical rating scale scores and reported significant reductions in pain following interventions, including exercise programs. Five of these studies showed significant differences in results between the experimental and control groups. Furthermore, six studies that used neck disability index exhibited a significant decrease in symptoms after implementing intervention programs that included exercise, and significant differences in results were found between the experimental and control groups. This domestic literature review provides consistent evidence to support the application of various exercise intervention programs to improve CVA and relieve neck pain from FHP. Further studies are warranted to review the effects of various exercise interventions on FHP reported not only in domestic but also in international literature.

The purpose of this study was conducted in order to analyze the effects of the manual intervention and self-corrective exercise models of general coordinative manipulation(GCM) on the balance restoration of spine & extremities joints with distortions and mal-alignment areas. The subjects were the members who visited GCM Musculoskeletal Prevent Exercise Center from March 1 2012 to December 31 2013 because of spine & extremities joints distortion and mal-alignments, poor posture, and body type correction. All subjects were diagnosed with the four types of the GBT diagnosis. And according to the standards of the mobility vs stability types of the upper & lower body, they were classified into Group 1(40 persons) and Group 2(24 persons). For every other day for three times a week, GCM intervention models were applied to all subjects for four weeks, adding up to 12 times in total. Then the balance restoration effects were re-evaluated with the same methods. The results are as follows. 1) Balance restoration effects of VASdp(Visual analysis scale pain & discomfort) and ER(Equilibrium reaction: ER) came out higher in GCM body type(GBT) Ⅱ·Ⅲ·Ⅳ of Group 1. 2) In case of balance restoration effects in Moire and postural evaluation areas, Group 1 was higher and cervical and scapular girdle were higher in Group 2. The balance restoration of the four GBT types was significant in all regions(p<.05), and the scapular girdle came out as high in the order of GBTⅡ·Ⅳ·Ⅰ. 3) In case of thoracic-lumbar scoliosis and head rotation·facial asymmetric· cervical scoliosis·ribcage forward, the balance restoration effects of the upper body postural evaluation areas came out the highest in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The balance restoration effects of the four GBT types were significant in all regions(p<.05), and came out the highest in lumbar scoliosis GBTⅢ·Ⅰ, ribcage forward and thoracic scoliosis GBTⅡ·Ⅳ. 4) The balance restoration effects of the lower body postural evaluation areas came out higher in Group 1 and Group 2 for pelvis girdle deviation·patella high·umbilicus tilt and hallux valgus·foot longitudinal arch: FLA·patella direction, respectively. The balance restoration effects of the four GBT types were significant in all regions(p<.05), and came out the highest in pelvis girdle deviation GBTⅢ·Ⅰand patella high-direction GBTⅣ·Ⅱ·Ⅰ. 5) The balance restoration effects between the same GBT came out significant (p<.05) in all evaluation areas and items. The conclusions of this study was the manual intervention and self-corrective exercise models of the GCM about the mal-alignment of the spine & extremities joints across the whole body indicated high balance restoration effects(p<.05) in spine & extremities joints in all evaluation areas.

본 연구는 비만 청소년을 대상으로 건강운동 실천을 위한 개인과 집단차원의 심리적 중재 전략을 개발하고 이의 상대적 중재 효과성을 검증하였다. 인천광역시 소재 1개 중학교에서 비만 판정을 받은 1,2학년 학생 36명이 실험조건인 집단중재 조건과 개인중재 조건 및 통제집단에 각각 12명씩 체계적 배정되었으며, 이들은 예비모임을 포함한 9주간의 실험처치 및 운동프로그램에 참가하였다. 중재의 효과성은 체중과 비만도, 7일 여가시간 운동량(MET)과 더불어 운동통제 지각, 운동결과 기대, 신체적 자기개념, 자기존중감을 포함하는 인지적 변인에 대하여 사전, 4주차, 8주차의 측정치 비교를 통해 검증하였다. 아울러 실험종료 4주 후 중재효과의 지속성을 알아보기 위해 체중과 비만도 및 운동량에 대한 추적검사를 실시하였다. 종속변인에 대한 측정시점별 집단 간 차이(일원분산분석)와 각 집단별 측정시기 간 차이를 반복측정분산분석 한 결과, 체중과 비만도에서 심리적 중재효과가 부분적으로 발견되었으며 비만도의 경우 실험 4주차부터 집단 간 차이가 나타나기 시작하여 8주차에 통계적인 유의차를 보였다. 인지적 변인의 경우에도 운동통제 지각과 운동결과 기대 수준 및 신체적 자기개념의 신체활동성 요인과 지구력 요인에서 심리적 중재의 효과가 발견되었고, 이러한 중재 효과는 집단차원의 중재조건에서 가장 높았다. 본 결과는 심리적 운동중재의 중요성과 효과 측면에서 논의하였다.