Background: It is difficult to assess whether community-dwelling frail older adults may remain pre-frail status or improve into a robust state without being directly checked by health care professionals. The health information perceived by older adults is considered to be one of best sources of potential concerns in older adult population. An online measurement system combined with item response theory (IRT) and computer adaptive testing (CAT) methods is likely to become a realistic approach to remotely monitor physical activity status of frail older adults. Objects: This article suggests an approach to provide a precise and efficient means of measuring physical activity levels of community-dwelling frail older adults. Methods: Article reviews were reviewed and summarized. Results: In comparison to the classical test theory (CTT), the IRT method is empirically aimed to focus on the psychometric properties of individual test items in lieu of the test as a whole. These properties allow creating a large item pool that can capture the broad range of physical activity levels. The CAT method administers test items by an algorithm that select items matched to the physical activity levels of the older adults. Conclusion: An online measurement system combined with these two methods would allow adequate physical activity measurement that may be useful to remotely monitor the activity level of community-dwelling frail older adults.

The power of social media is colossal considering that the number of worldwide users is expected to grow even more in the future reaching 2.95 billion by 2020. Because of the apparent customer engagement in these platforms, companies spend on average 11% of marketing budgets on social media and this expenditure is expected to grow to 19% over the next five years (CMO Survey, 2017). However, the main challenge the companies are facing is how to convert the social media investments into effective marketing and contribution to company’s performance. The customer engagement (CE) in social media catches a strong attention from scholars (Brodie et al., 2013) as well as experts of online marketing (Dessart, Veloutsou, & Morgan-Thomas, 2016). Even though there is a significant progress in the conceptual (Van Doorn et al., 2010) and empirical (Brodie et al., 2013) analysis of CE, its clear understanding remains still insufficient. Customer engagement’s definition requires more attention as there is inconsistency in the terms because of a lack of agreement on the terminology (van Doorn et al., 2010). Noticeable differences exist concerning also the measurement of CE and what exactly this phenomenon encompasses (Dessart et al., 2016). Particularly, the empirical studies show incongruity in the number and the nature of the dimensions (Sprott et al., 2009; Brodie et al., 2013). To investigate the complex and emergent occurrence of CE in social media, this research endorses a managerial-oriented approach using rich qualitative data from three different sources covering a variety of views for different social media platforms (41 companies/24 advertising/communication agencies, and 10 research/consulting firms). The results illustrate the gaps among customer engagement’s conceptions, the customer engagement dimensionality, and the metrics of social media performance beyond customer engagement.

본 연구에서는 기존의 중량법과 광산란법과는 원리와 기술이 다른 입도별 부유물질 측정용 분리막 모듈 및 장치를 개발하기 위한 원리를 수립하기 위한 기초 자료를 확립하고자 하였다. 이러한 목적을 위하여, 이산화규소 및 덱스트란(dextran), 카올린(kaolin), PEG (polyethylene glycol) 부유용액을 대상으로 유리섬유 여과지 GF/C와 GF/A를 분리막 모듈에 장착하여 여과시키면서, 디지털 압력계를 사용하여 막간압력차(TMP, Trans-membrane pressure) 변화를 측정하였다. 모사용액의 농도와 TMP 변화율 기울기의 상관관계식을 TMP 변화 실험 결과로부터 구하여, TMP 변화 기울기로부터 시료의 농도를 예측할 수 있도록 하였다.

본 연구는 국내에 적합한 지불규정을 도입하기 위해 아스팔트 포장의 품질측정 방법을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 지불규정은 통계이론을 바탕으로 포장의 품질을 결정하여 시공비용을 조정하는 방법으로 지불규정을 적용하는 미국 대다수의 주에서는 고유의 품질테이블을 이용해 PWL(Percent With in Limit)을 산정한다. 따라서 미국 South Carolina에서 적용중인 품질측정테이블을 사용한 PWL과 통계분석방법에 기초한 확률이론의 비교분석을 통해 PWL의 국내 적용여부의 가능성을 판단하였다. 시험포장구간의 데이터를 사용하여 통계이론을 이용해 산출한 확률값과 PWL을 미국AASHTO에서 제시한 지불계수(Pay Factor)에 대입한 결과는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며 확률값 도출을 위한 Z-Value산출과정에서 모집단의 평균을 추정해 계산한 확률값 역시 PWL과 유사한 값을 보였다. 또한 현행 아스팔트 포장의 시방규정을 만족하지만 표준편차가 큰 가상의 데이터를 이용하여 지불계수를 산정한 결과 데이터의 평균값은 현행 시방규정에 만족하지만 지불계수는 100%이하로 산정되는 경우가 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 PWL방법을 이용함으로써 균질하고 성능이 우수한 품질의 측정이 가능한 것을 의미하며 따라서 국내실정에 접합한 품질측정테이블을 개발하여 PWL을 국내 지불규정의 품질측정방법으로 사용하는 것이 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study examines whether the reinforcement theory would be effectively applied to teaching assistant robots between a robot and a student in the same way as it is applied to teaching methods between a teacher and a student. Participants interact with a teaching assistant robot in a 3 (types of robots: positive reinforcement vs. negative reinforcement vs. both reinforcements) by 2 (types of participants: honor students vs. backward students), within-subject experiment. Three different types of robots, such as ‘Ching-chan-ee’ which gives ‘positive reinforcement’, ‘Um-bul-ee’ which gives ‘negative reinforcement’, and ‘Sang-bul-ee’ which gives both ‘positive and negative reinforcement’ are designed based on the reinforcement theory and the token reinforcement system. Participants’ task performance and reaction rate are measured according to the types of robots and the types of participants. In task performance, the negative reinforcement robot is more effective than the other two types, but regarding the number of stimulus, the less the stimulus is, the more effective the task performance is. Also, participants showed the highest reaction rate on the negative reinforcement robot which implies that the negative reinforcement robot is most effective to motivate students. The findings demonstrate that the participants perceive the teaching assistant robot not as a toy but as a teaching assistant and the reinforcement interaction is important and effective for teaching assistant robots to motivate students. The results of this study can be implicated as an effective guideline to interaction design of teaching assistant robots.