본 연구는 중년여성들을 대상으로 원예치료 프로그램이 우울에 미치는 영향을 검정하기위하여 13회기동안 걸쳐 프로그램 제공한 결과 매우 유의한 방향을 나타내었다. 이는 중년여성들의 우울한 감정을 감소시켜 정신건강 향상에 효과가 나타났음이 증명되었다. 또한 대인관계를 회복하여 소외나 외로움에서 벗어남으로써 필요한 역할을 충실히 수행할 수 있게 되고, 개인적인 활동에서도 적절하게 수행하는 모습이 확립된 것을 원예치료 프로그램을 통해 확인하였다. 따라서 중년여성들에게 다양한 원예치료 프로그램을 개발, 적용하여 그들의 심리적 안녕감등에 영향을 주어 건강한 가정과 사회를 만들어 가는 반석이 되기를 기대해 본다.

The tithe system which the Urgemeinde did not know, has returned to the church with the Judaising trends. The early church was convinced that it would correspond with the spirit of the gospel, to use the tithe for the purpose of charity. The church depended on the voluntary donations; but in the sixth century, in Meroving dynasty the tithe was referred to for the first time in a synodal letter, and thence force it has begun to have the obligatory character. In the Caroling Dynasty the bishops asked the secular power to chastise those who refused to pay the tithes. At last Charlemagne proclaimed a capitulary, which made the payment of the tithes an obligation. He chastised the refusers as violators of the imperial order. In this way the tithe which men introduced originally as voluntary donation, changed into a sort of religious tax. Also the rule concerning the 1/4 portion for the poor which the Roman popes had stipulated, has lost its meaning. The purpose of tithes collection for the charity has been forgotten; the tithes has been collected only for the salary of the clergy. In the Frankish empire which was neither a industrial state nor a welfare state, the worst victims of the wars, the plagues and the natural catastrophes were the common people. They who were freemen nominally, have lost their scanty possessions for several reasons and erred on the streets. Although the church and the monastery tried to provide the costs for the charity from the tithes and other incomes and the synods tried to reform the charity system, the charity activities were encountered with their limits for several reasons. The rulers like Charlemage and Louis the Pious were interested for the problem of the poor; it could be relieved with the public funds, but could not be solved basically. The charity was the only help for the poor of the early Middle Age, and they were waiting for the charity.

The European expansion in the later middle age, as Adam Smith stated, influenced greatly on development of the world history. In the various events of the European expansion the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus is very important because the effect of the discovery of the New World have still continued to the present. I have interested to find out the reason why the western civilization has seized on the hegemony of the world over other civilizations. As many scholars pointed out, the most distinguished difference between the western civilization and other civilizations is that the western civilization was maritime-oriented, while other civilization were continental-oriented. So I set up the maritime histoy on the theme of my study in order to ruminate upon meaning of the se-power that is one of the motivating forces to drive histoy. Maritime history is not simply about that is maritime affairs, but a branch of history that inquires into inter-relations between maritime affairs and inland affairs. Maritime history constitutes of history of naval war, history of shipping and history of marine development. As above reasons, I have interested the European expansion in the later middle age that maritime activity was the most vigorous in the history. This is a case study to compose maritime history.