In this paper, we describe the proposed KVN (Korean VLBI Network) clock system in order to make the observation of the VLBI effectively. In general, the GPS system is widely used for the time information in the single dish observation. In the case of VLBI observation, a very high precise frequency standard is needed to perform the observation in accordance with the observation frequency using the radio telescope with over 100km distance. The objective of the high precise clock system is to insert the time-tagging information to the observed data and to synchronize it with the same clock in overall equipments which used in station. The AHM (Active Hydrogen Maser) and clock system are basically used as a frequency standard equipments at VLBI station. This system is also adopted in KVN. The proposed KVN clock system at each station consists of the AHM, GPS time comparator, standard clock system, time distributor, and frequency standard distributor. The basic experiments were performed to check the AHM system specification and to verify the effectiveness of implemented KVN clock system. In this paper, we briefly introduce the KVN clock system configuration and experimental results.

This study had purpose to examine the consumers preference and buying property of processed products by rice, barley, wheat, bean. For the study, the interview was conducted of 300 samples more than 19 years of age. We attempt to examine consumers’ preference and individual properties when purchasing processed grain products. Questionnaire was filled for the 23 variable by referring to previous studies to investigate the properties to consider when consumer purchasing the products. To conceptualize, reduce the high correlation parameters by factor analysis. The results attribute to seven factors that safety, brand/image, taste/shelf life, convenience seeking, preferred high-quality, price, consumption patterns. These properties showed significant differences in demographics. First, there was statistically difference by age in safety, brand/image, high quality preference, taste/shelf life. Second, Safety and high-quality preference were the difference between jobs, and depending on household income were significant difference in consumption patterns. We analyzed the purchasing preference by purchase frequency. Ramen, bread, beer are higher purchase frequency than any processed grain products. On the other hand, frozen rice, soybean paste, red pepper paste that are used primarily domestic raw, were lower purchase frequency. But the difference of purchase property according to products was very similar that the highest factor is price, the following factor as taste. Based on these findings, the implications and the limitations of the study were presented.

본 논문에서는 세리신잠 실샘 가수분해물(Sericinjam Gland Hydrolysate: SJGH)을 이용하여 진피 섬유아세포에서 항산화 및 항노화 연구를 진행하였다. SJGH는 사람 섬유아세포에서 고농도의 과산화수소에 의한 세포 사멸과 세포 내 산화 증가를 효과적으로 방어하였다. 또한 SJGH는 저농도의 과산화수소에 의한 섬유아세포의 SA-β-Gal 발현과 MMP-1의 발현 증가를 억제하였고, 반대로 프로콜라겐 I의 생합성은 증가시켰다. 이러한 결과를 통해 SJGH의 항산화 및 항노화 효과가 우수함을 확인하였으며, SJGH가 항노화 화장품의 우수한 소재가 될 수 있음을 보여준다.

“And whosoever shall give to drink unto one of these little ones a cup of cold water only in the name of a disciple, verily I say unto you he shall in no wise lose his reward.”(Mt. 10:42) With this saying the local followers were ordered to submit to the authority of itinerant missionaries and to support them. However, when the local congregation formed itself and grew up, they needed the resident leaders. There arose competitions and conflicts between the resident leaders and the itinerant missionaries. Thus the missionaries transferred gradually from the itinerant life to the resident one. Then the house community became the center of mission and meeting, which was supported materially by the patron. However, the house community with patrons disappeared gradually, because it could not overcome the problem of difference among member’s social status. Therefore the Christian congregation should solve the economic problem, without patrons, with the egalitarian spirit and the brethren love. The early Christians who knew the Judaic custom of offerings offered the donations for the church. The donations and the immovables which the members offered formed the church property. Notwithstanding Jesus’ critics of the wealth, the early church gathered the property for the solution of the economic problem. The early church could not furnish her preachers with the nourishment regularly. But as the Christian believers increased and the church grew up, professional ministers were needed. “For the workman is worthy of his meat”: Jesus intended this saying originally for his itinerant disciples, but the history proved that this was said for church ministers. It is a invariable truth that the change of the life conditions brings about that of the economic life. In the situation of itinerant life Jesus criticized the wealth (to say more exactly, the dependence on the wealth). But thereafter his disciples gave up the itinerant life for the resident life. By the above research I intended to show that a new possibility of the economic life had beginned. The choice of the resident life led to a new economic life, so that the church developed in the other direction than Jesus intended originally. This is the teaching which the history gave to us.

De Subventione pauperum, which Vives had published in 1526, was attacked bitterly after his death. In the end of the Middle Age several cities began to enact the poor law. His writing seems to be reasonable, when we take the situation of the age in account. He concealed his writing plan even to his friends, and they did not know that he wrote this work. He seemed to be afraid of the shock which this work would bring about. But he felt a new program for the poor relief very urgent. He published this work with such a complicated mind. Not only the poor relief mandates of Nürnberg, Strasbourg and Ypres, but also the program of Vives supplemented and reformed the poor relief of the Middle Age: they all aimed at the total forbidding of the beggary and the secularization of the poor relief institutions. The organizing systems and the practical methods of the poor relief corresponded to the size of cities. But while the law of three cities were interested in the open relief in common, Vives was interested in the closed relief. He proposed to drive out the healthy but idle from the relief institution, to accomodate only the sick, the old, the orphans, the blind, the lame and the mentally sick, to subdivide the relief institution according to the purpose, to offer the blind and lame the labor opportunity, to offer the healthy poor the technical education, to offer the children of the poor the school education and to collect the charity funds from the rich for the finance. His program was very revolutionary in that time. In the great economical change of the ending Middle Age the increase of the poor shook the social order. The city as the center of the political and economical life must accommodate itself to the new situation with new methods. Therefore the mandate limiting the beggary has developed into the law which would stop the increase of the poor and offer the healthy poor the opportunity to work. For men could not solve the problem of poverty any more by donating a little alms. For the poverty was no longer a private problem but became that of all the society. As Vives says, the poor relief should be carried out by the secular power on the basis of the neighbor love. Therefore the effort which tried to conform to the changing economical situation, was expressed in the process which developped from the mandate limiting beggary into the poor relief law. Though the program of Vives was not directly motivated by the reformation, we cannot deny that it was influenced indirectly by the reformation, because the poor relief law of Nürnberg lent a impetus to a new direction for the poor relief. This new direction can be clearly found in the total forbidding of the beggar inclusive of the mendicant friars and the secularization of the poor relief institution. The men of the Middle Age understood the poverty as the divine order for the salvation of the human beings. Therefore they believed that if they would try to overcome the poverty, they would disobey the will of God. Therefore the poor despaired of their poverty and gave up the will to overcome it. Besides Vives refused the mediaeval belief that the bodily labor was cursed on account of the Fall. He made effort to give the poor the opportunity to overcome the poverty. Vives showed himself a precursor, so far as he made effort to solve the problem of the poverty. Though he dedicated his writing to Bruges city, it must delay the reform of the poor law until 1562. This fact shows how revolutionary his program was.

The tithe system which the Urgemeinde did not know, has returned to the church with the Judaising trends. The early church was convinced that it would correspond with the spirit of the gospel, to use the tithe for the purpose of charity. The church depended on the voluntary donations; but in the sixth century, in Meroving dynasty the tithe was referred to for the first time in a synodal letter, and thence force it has begun to have the obligatory character. In the Caroling Dynasty the bishops asked the secular power to chastise those who refused to pay the tithes. At last Charlemagne proclaimed a capitulary, which made the payment of the tithes an obligation. He chastised the refusers as violators of the imperial order. In this way the tithe which men introduced originally as voluntary donation, changed into a sort of religious tax. Also the rule concerning the 1/4 portion for the poor which the Roman popes had stipulated, has lost its meaning. The purpose of tithes collection for the charity has been forgotten; the tithes has been collected only for the salary of the clergy. In the Frankish empire which was neither a industrial state nor a welfare state, the worst victims of the wars, the plagues and the natural catastrophes were the common people. They who were freemen nominally, have lost their scanty possessions for several reasons and erred on the streets. Although the church and the monastery tried to provide the costs for the charity from the tithes and other incomes and the synods tried to reform the charity system, the charity activities were encountered with their limits for several reasons. The rulers like Charlemage and Louis the Pious were interested for the problem of the poor; it could be relieved with the public funds, but could not be solved basically. The charity was the only help for the poor of the early Middle Age, and they were waiting for the charity.

Although Apostle Paul said that Jesus Christ became the end of the law for the justification of all believers(Rom 10:4), the ancient church took up the laws of the OT in introducing the institutions. Whence did the double-faced attitude of the ancient church toward the OT laws result? The first question is how much the OT laws influenced the life and canons of the ancient church, in other words, how much the OT laws were taken up in the canons and customs of the ancient church. The second question is why the ancient church took up the OT laws. 1. The ancient church was not simply negative toward the OT laws in spite of the Paulinism. The Pauline assertion that men couldn't be justificated by the good deeds but by the faith, was already reduced and distorted by his disciples as Luke and Hegesippus. As a result the Paulinism compromised with the Jewish legalism. 2. Even if Jesus was critical about the legalism, his posterity could not neglect the OT laws paradoxically. While the ancient church interpreted some OT laws allegorically, it interpreted some laws verbally. The ancient church was not able to interpret all the OT laws from the point of view of prophesy and fulfillment. This was already foreseen, sofar as the christianity took up the OT as its canon. 3. The Judaizing tendency was found in the Sabbath observance, the offering of tithes and firstfruits, the dietary rules, the female ordination and the problem of easter date. The sources which we surveyed, indicated how the greatly Judaism influenced the ancient church life. I conclude that the double-faced attitude of the ancient church toward the laws had something to do partly with the flourishing of Gnosticism and Montanism and partly with the need of the age. The Paulinism which underrated the OT laws, was not useful for the great church to attack the Gnostics. Therefore the great church either rejected the Paulinism or distorted it by mixing it with legalism. The ancient Christianity which had not its own theology and tradition depended necessarily on the Jewish canon and tradition. Therefore the Christianity became the religion of canon. The Christianity needed the clergy order like Jewish priests. Maybe the early monarchic episcopacy developed under the influence of the Jewish male priesthood. And in this trend women were excluded step by step from the church ministry.

During the last two decades, many industrial complexes for heavy and chemical industries have been established along the Korean coastline, thereby increasing the pollution materials burden on the coastal environment of seawater. Masan Bay is one of the most polluted coastal areas in Korea and the main soures of pollutants are domestic and industrial wastewater from Masan, Changwon. This study was aimed to evaluate relationships among the physicochemical parameters in the bottom water of Masan bay and to examine environmental factors affecting to pollutions of seawater by factor analysis. The factor loading, 1 is showed higher increasing inclination after 1989 year in station 1. The variance of pollutant materials is showed 43.7% in which the coastal inflow water is indicated external loadings(factor 1 : NO3- -N, TN, factor 4 : SiO2-Si) corresponded to domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, and earth-sands in the bottom water of Masan bay. And the internal loadings(factor 2 : SS, salinity, factor 3 : W.T., DO) are explained 33.8% corresponded the phenomena of sedimentary layer and oxygen concentration. Therefore, The external loadings are explained by the higher factor pollutantal variance in Masan bay.