The purpose of this study is to reveal differences towards conspicuous consumption of the hard-hit by the recession Greeks and foreign consumers. For the purposes of this research a survey was carried out in Greece. Tandem cluster analysis was performed in order to separate consumers based on their conspicuous consumption patterns and tendencies. The analysis resulted in a three cluster solution and deduced that the recession-hit Greeks buy branded luxury goods, as hypothesized and expected.

The purpose of this study is to explore marketers’ reaction towards the recession in terms of the applied marketing strategies, tactics and activities and the examination of the marketing budget formulation and its allocation in the context of Greece, where the economic recession is lasting more than six years.

The current manuscript examines new product pricing in recessive B2B markets. Analyzing data from four industrial sectors, the study concludes that skimming pricing and penetration pricing relate to the company’s corporate and marketing strategy and the product characteristics, while market conditions influence the adoption of pricing similar to competitive prices.

This paper aims to illuminate the relationship between economic recessions and advertising messages. A content analysis of 1720 television commercials indicated that during the severe economic recession in Greece, advertisers communicated more rational appeals and placed emphasis on creative devices that enhance understanding, learning and recall of message content.

미국 인구 십만명당 무려 756명이 교정시설에 수용되어 있으며, 이는 세계의 인구 십만명당 158명이 재소자인 것과 비교할 때 거의 다섯 배가 많은 것이다. 나아가 거의 5백만명이 보호관찰 대상자이거나 가석방 이후 보호관찰을 받고 있다. 이로 인해 미국은 매 년 680억 달러의 예산을 부담하고 있다. 2008년 이후 경제적 불황이 계속되자 미국 정부는 교정예산을 절감할 방안을 모색하기 시작 했으며, 2009년 이후 연방정부 및 주정부는 본격적으로 교정예산을 삭감하였다. 각 주정부는 수용자에 대하여 가석방조건을 완화하여 대대적인 가석방을 진행 하고 있으며, 재소자에 대하여 식사횟수를 줄이거나 간식지급 중단, 의료적 지원 중단 및 제한 등의 수용비를 절감하는 조치들을 취하고 있다. 또한 교정공무원들에 대한 임금동결이나 임금삭감은 물론이며, 관리직을 없애거나 감원시키고 있다. 또한 일부 주에서는 신규채용을 전면적으로 중단하였다. 이와 함께 각 교정당국이 지역사회에 위탁운영하던 지역사회 교정처우 프로그램을 중단하거 나 축소하는 조치를 취하고 있으며, 심지어는 성범죄자 및 약물중독자들에 대한 특수 교정프로그램을 중단하는 등 교정예산을 절감하기 위한 정책들을 앞 다퉈 내놓고 있다. 그러나 이러한 미국의 교정개혁은 갑자기 석방된 범죄자들에 의한 재범위험으로 시민의 안전이 위협받는다는 지적과 예산감축을 이유로 구금처우 가 필요한 수용자들까지 사회내 처우로 전환하는 것은 바람직하지 않다는 지적을 받고 있다. 또한 가족과 지역사회로 복귀한 가석방 대상자들에 대하여 교정에 대한 전문지식이 없는 가족이나 지역주민에게 교정의무를 부담지운다는 문제점이 있다. 나아가 결국은 이러한 방법들이 교정예산을 감축하는 효과는 있지만 결국은 교정의 사회적 비용을 증가시키는 것에 불과하다는 비난도 있다. 이 와 같은 미국의 교정행정 개혁의 문제점이 있음에도 불구하고 이러한 교정행정은 기존의 구금처우위주에서 탈피하려는 정책이나 범죄자 교정처우에 가족과 지역사회를 적극 활용하는 등의 시도는 경제적 불황이라는 공통의 문제를 각국에 그 영향을 줄 수밖에 없다. 따라서 이점에서 한국의 교정행정은 다음과 같이 그 정책적 시사점을 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 교정행정예산의 배정과 사용에 대한 엄격한 통제와 감시가 있어야 한다. 둘째, 구금처우를 줄이고 이를 대체할 수 있는 중간처우 혹은 사회내 처우를 다양하게 개발하여야 한다. 또한 이에 대한 효과와 비용분석이 따라야 한다. 셋째, 특수사범에 대한 의료적 지원과 교정프로 그램에 대한 효과적인 운영 및 이들에 대한 예산지원의 한계에 대한 분석과 사회적 합의를 이끌어낼 필요가 있다. 넷째, 재소자에 대하여 비용부담이 가능한 것인지 그 한계 등에 대한 연구와 검토가 필요하다.

This research is a literacy study regarding the implementation and management of the economic role of haria as a new strategy in overcoming the problem of the global financial crisis that has hit the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method comes from previous studies to compare the capitalist, socialist, and sharia economic systems. In response to various economic uncertainties, both internal and external, the ability to seize opportunities and transform has become the key to economic resilience. Islamic economics can be an alternative in responding to the dynamics of the global and national economy. Several things need to be taken into consideration in fulfilling the sharia economy and the primary strategy chosen must come from the inputs given by the stakeholders, including business actors, associations, regulators as well as experts, and academicians. The primary strategy in implementing the sharia economy also requires the support of various parties in order to develop sustainability. Strengthening regulation and governance is one of the fundamental factors. Optimization of the sharia economy based social sector such as Zakat, Infaq, Sadaqah, and Waqaf can be optimized both for collection and distribution so that the concept of sharing can certainly support the development and the economy both nationally and globally.

In this study, an empirical analysis of 55 ship finance cases executed by a specific ship finance bank from 2009 to 2016 during the recession period was conducted. The purpose of this study was to find the factors affecting changes in the debt performance of Korean shipping companies. The main factors were the loan nature (investment purpose, loan-to-value (LTV), syndicated loans, loan terms, put-option, balloon, and spread), financial nature (total assets turnover, net profit-to-sales ratio , debt ratio, quick ratio, total borrowing, bonds payable to total assets, interest expenses-to-sales ratio, debt service coverage ratio (DSCR), and total assets), and the company nature (company age, chief executive officer’s (CEO's) shares, and listing status). In this study, the factors affecting the debt repayment capability of domestic shipping companies (loan nature, financial nature, and company nature) were verified. The credit rating was used to measure the dependent variable, debt repayment ability. The variables of investment purpose, put-option, balloon, and spread in the loan nature, debt ratio in the financial nature, and the CEO's shares and company age in the company nature were found to be significant.

This study aims to verify the relationship between overseas activities and performance of Korea’s SMEs during the last financial crisis. Whether overseas activity performance of enterprises differed was determined based on characteristic variables, including the degree of concentration on R&D and marketing. This study also examined how SMEs’ international transactions and their performance differed based on internal variable such as the level of stock holding and firm size. This study developed a model for analyzing the relationship between the level of internationalization and performance of Koran SMEs listed in the KOSDAQ. We used firm-level data, including annual reports and various data sources such as the KISVALUE program. To smooth annual fluctuations in accounting data, we used a three-year average from 2006 to 2009 for each variable in the study. The results showed that proactive overseas activities ultimately had a positive effect on an enterprise’s performance, even though it initially had a negative effect. Therefore, enterprises should focus their capacity on R&D and marketing environment. Although numerous studies have focused on the relationship between overseas activities and performance of enterprises, the present study analyzed whether enterprises should continuously engage in overseas activities and what capacities they should strengthen during a global economic recession.