From invertebrate to vertebrate, females uptake sperm for a specific duration post-copulation known as the ejaculate holding period (EHP) before expelling un-stored sperm and the mating plug through sperm ejection. Our study uncovered that encountering males or mated females after mating substantially shortens EHP, a phenomenon we term ‘male-induced EHP shortening (MIES)’. MIES requires Or47b+ olfactory and ppk23+ gustatory neurons, activated by 2-methyltetracosane and 7-tricosene, respectively. These odorants raise cAMP levels in pC1b and c neurons, which are responsible for processing male courtship and regulating female receptivity. Elevated cAMP levels in pC1b and c reduce EHP and reinstate their responsiveness to male courtship cues, promoting re-mating with faster sperm ejection. This study establishes MIES as a genetically tractable model of sexual plasticity with a conserved neural mechanism.

The skill of argumentation is problematic for EFL students who are linguistically and rhetorically deficient in expressing academically appropriate forms in English. In fact, many EFL students struggle to write highly elaborate arguments. In this study, we investigated whether EFL students’ skills for argumentation improved after receiving peer feedback. We also investigated which elements of argumentation were related to the quality of argumentative writing. To this end, we used the Toulmin model of argumentation. We collected 34 EFL students’ first drafts and revisions as well as reviewers’ written feedback, and analyzed their drafts and revisions with a range of quantitative and qualitative approaches. We found that peer feedback had a positive effect upon overall writing quality. Peer feedback made meaningful contributions to the development of students’ argumentative strategies they employ. It seems apparent that peer response prompted the students to reflect on whether the logic of their argumentation made sense to the readers.

고양이와 달은 일본의 연극 광언의 영향을 받았지만, 예이츠는 자신의 극작가 예이츠, 시인 예이츠의 탁월한 재능으로 새롭고 창의적이기까지 한 극을 만들었다. 예이츠는 이 고양이와 달에 “가장 근접하고 가장 정교한” 표현이라는 개념을 적용하여 완벽한 예이츠적인 극으로 만들고자 한다. 또한, 이 3중으로 구성된 검은고양이 미나루쉬의 노래(동일한 제목의 시가 3분된)는 이 광언 극의 구조적 원리가 된다. 이로 인해서 이 극은 이상하고도 아름다운 희극으로 변모한다.

Pseudomonas fluorescens B16 has been shown to be a promising biological control agent for the promotion of plant growth, root colonization, and suppression of bacterial wilt. This study investigated the dispersion of B16 from seed to radicle, and to the whole root system, and illustrated population changes within cucumber seeds and radicles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy (FM) and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). When cucumber seeds were soaked in a bacterial suspension of B16, bacterial cells entered the seeds through the pore at the base, colonized the inner plane, and proliferated germination advanced. Population densities of B16 were gradually increased, and increased initial populations within newly growing roots. The root surface was covered by cylindrical rod-shaped bacterial cells, and junctions between epidermal cells were covered preferentially. Previous studies exploring root colonization of rhizobacteria have not focused on colonized populations inside seeds. Our microscopic observations confirmed the importance of bacterial cells colonized inside seed coats. Population densities of B16 were then naturally sustained up to harvesting time. The results obtained in this study provide about a novel insight into the commercial application of biological control agents within seeds.

본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 저학년 학생의 대인관계능력 향상을 위한 역할놀이 중심 집단상 담 프로그램을 구안하고, 그 효과를 검증하는데 있다. 연구 대상은 경기도 소재의 H 초등학교 2학년 2개 학급의 60명이며, 2학기 프로그램 참가가 가능한 학급의 30명 학생을 실험집단으로, 다른 한 학급의 30명 학생을 통제집단으로 배치하였다. 집단상담 프로그램은 총 12회기로 구안 하였으며, 주 2회 70분씩 6주에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 대인관계능력 검사자료를 혼합변량분석 (Mixed ANOVA)으로 처리하고, 추가적으로 참가자의 경험 보고서, 상담자 관찰내용을 분석하 였다. 그 결과 초등학교 저학년의 대인관계능력 향상을 위한 역할놀이 중심 집단상담 프로그램 은 대인관계능력의 하위 요인인 처음 관계 맺기, 타인에 대한 불쾌감 주장하기, 자기노출, 정서 적인 지지나 조언 영역에서 유의한 효과가 있었다.