Heavy metals in stream water and sediments around industrial complex were studied in order to assess the contamination and to identify the potential source of metals. High variability has been observed for both dissolved and particulate phases in stream water with coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 1.3 to 2.8. The highest metal concentrations in both phases were observed in Gunja for Ni and Cu, in Jungwang for Zn and Pb and in Shiheung for Cd, respectively. These results indicate that the different metal sources could be existing. The concentrations of the heavy metals in sediments decreased in the order of Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni>As>Cd>Hg, with mean of 2,549, 1,742, 808, 539, 163, 17.1, 5.8, 0.07 mg kg-1, respectively. Mean of metal concentrations (except for As) in sediments showed the highest values at Shiheung stream comparing with other streams. In sediments, the percent exceedance of class II grade that metal may potentially harmful impact on benthic organism for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb was about 57%, 62%, 84%, 60%, 68%, 81% for all stream sediments, respectively. Sediments were classified as heavily to extremely polluted for Cu and Cd, heavily polluted for Zn and Pb, based on the calculation of Igeo value. About 59% and 35% of sediments were in the categories of “poor” and “very poor” pollution status for heavy metals. Given the high metal concentrations, industrial wastes and effluents, having high concentrations of most metals originated from the manufacture and use of metal products in this region, might be discharged into the stream through sewer outlet. The streams receive significant amounts of industrial waste from the industrial facilities which is characterized by light industrial complexes of approximately 17,000 facilities. Thus, the transport of metal loads through streams is an important pathway for metal pollution in Shihwa Lake.

A comprehensive quality survey for PCDDs/PCDFs and coplanar PCBs as well as heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in sediments has been investigated in August 2006, Korea. Monitoring was undertaken at five streams representing different surrounding environment

본 연구는 나주지역 하상퇴적물에 대한 지구화학적 특성 연구이다. 이를 위해 1차 수계를 대상으로 139개의 하상퇴적물 시료를 채취하였다. 채취된 시료는 실험실에서 자연 건조시켰으며, XRF, ICP-AES, NAA를 이용하여 화학분석을 실시하였다. 기반암에 따른 지구화학적 특성을 알아보기 위하여, 화강암질편마암 지역, 편암류 지역, 화강암류 지역, 사질암 지역, 응회암 지역, 안산암 지역, 유문암 지역으로 분류하였다. 나주지역 하상퇴적물의 지질집단별 주성분원소 평균함량은 SiO2 58.37∼66.06wt.%, Al2O3 13.98∼18.41wt.%, Fe2O3 4.09∼6.10wt.%, CaO 0.54∼1.33wt.%, MgO 0.86∼1.34wt.%, K2O 2.38∼4.01wt.%, Na2O 0.90∼1.32wt.%, TiO2 0.82∼1.03wt.%, MnO 0.09∼0.15wt.%, P2O5 0.11∼0.18wt.%이다. 주성분원소의 평균함량 비교에서 Al2O3와 K2O는 화강암질편마암 지역에서, Fe2O3, CaO, P2O5는 응회암 지역에서, MgO와 TiO2는 안산암 지역에서, Na2O는 유문암 지역에서 높고, SiO2와 MnO 함량은 사질암 지역에서 약간 높다. 미량성분 및 희토류원소의 지질집단별 평균함량은 Ba 1278∼1469ppm, Be 1.1∼1.5ppm, Cu 18∼25ppm, Nb 25∼37ppm, Ni 16∼25ppm, Pb 21∼28ppm, Sr 83∼155ppm, V 64∼98ppm, Zr 83∼146ppm, Li 32∼45ppm, Co 7.2∼12.7ppm, Cr 37∼76ppm, Cs 4.8∼9.1ppm, Hf 7.5∼25ppm, Rb 88∼178ppm, Sc 7.7∼12.6ppm, Zn 83∼143ppm, Pa 11.3∼37ppm, Ce 69∼206ppm, Eu 1.1∼1.5ppm, Yb 1.8∼4.4ppm이다. Pb, Li, Cs, Hf, Rb, Sb, Pa, Ce, Eu, Yb 평균함량은 화강암질편마암 지역에서, Ba, Co, Cr 평균함량은 편암류 지역에서, Nb, Ni, Zr 평균함량은 사질암 지역에서, Sr 평균함량은 응회암 지역에서 높고, Be, Cu, V, Sc, Zn 평균함량은 안산암 지역에서 다른 지질집단에서 보다 높다.

광주광역시의 풍암매립지 주변에 분포하는 하상퇴적물, 주변토양, 침출수의 배수관 내에서 채취한 슬러지 그리고 물(하천수, 침출수, 지하수)의 지구화학적 특성을 연구하였다. 하상퇴적물에서 상류에서 하류 쪽으로 규칙적인 함량변화는 나타나지 않는다. 하상퇴적물에서 가장 풍부하게 산출되는 주원소는 Fe(7.08wt.%)이다. 하상퇴적물 GJ-23, 34는 중금속을 다량으로 포함하고 있지만, 심각한 환경 피해를 일으킬 수 있는 농도는 아니다. 주변 토양 중에서 침출수 저장고와 인접한 토양(GJ-8)에서의 철 함량은 35.1wt.%, 비소 함량은 38.8ppm으로 가장 높다. 침출수구에서 채취한 슬러지 시료 GJ-7의 Cr함량은 .45.6ppm으로 토양오염 우려기준을 훨씬 초과한다. 침출수는 총용존물질(2210, 2470mg/L)과 전기전도도(468, 530ms/cm)가 높고, 양이온에서 Na, K가, 음이온에서 HCO3가 우세하다. 침출수인 PK-3은 Cl함량이 비교적 높아 파이퍼도에서 Na-Cl 영역에 점시된다. 지하수와 하천수는 질산성질소의 함량이 음용수 기준을 훨씬 넘어서 식수로 사용하기에는 부적절한 것으로 나타났다.

To certificate change in the geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the main stream of the Nakdong River, surface sediments from 12 sampling sites during the first and second half year (total 24 sampling sites) were collected and analyzed for grain size, ignition loss, total organic carbon and heavy metal content. Surface sediments mainly composed of sand (coarse and medium sand) and fining changed from the first half to the second half of the year. Ignition loss, total organic carbon and heavy metals content increased in the second half of the year. Some heavy metals (Zn, Ni and Cu) were found to be at the lowest effect levels according to Ontario sediment quality guidelines. Additionally, most heavy metals were found to be at the non polluted level and level I according to USEPA sediment quality standards and National Institute of Environmental Research sediment pollution evaluation standard, respectively. The enrichment factor (< 1) and index of geoaccmulation (< 0) were non polluted in the study area. The correlation analysis results showed that ignition loss, total organic carbon and heavy metal content were highly correlated with grain size. Regarding changes in geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the study area, grain size fine and organic matter and heavy metal content increased in the second half year. Nonetheless these results indicated pollution levels that did not adversely affect the benthos.

A comprehensive quality survey for heavy metals, organophosphorous and organochlorine residual pesticides, and coplanar PCBs in samples such as water, sediments and soils as well as spiders has been implemented. The samples were undertaken at nine stream sites and their vicinity in August 2006, representing different surrounding environments. The levels of PCBs were expressed as concentrations and WHO-TEFs. Among 12 coplanar PCBs as target compounds in this study, 2,3',4,4',5-PentaCB (IUPAC # 118) was the congener with the highest concentration. The total concentrations and TEF values of coplanar PCBs in Siheung stream sediment (heavy industrial complex site located in Ansan city) were 3915.50 pg/g and 0.8366 pg-TEQ/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Such levels were around 40 times higher compared to sediment from Gapyung stream (green site located in the upper of Myunggi mountain). It is probably due to the direct input of PCBs from PCBs treatment materials. Organophosphorous (EPN, dementon-s-methyl, diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate) and organochlorine (alpha-BHC, aldrin, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, endosulfan alpha and etc.) pesticides were not detected above 5 ppb of detection limits. The concentrations of Cu and Cd in water and sediment samples from Siheung stream were 44.11 and 0.17 ug/㎖ and 713.42 ㎍/g and 3.73 ㎍/g, respectively, which contained 20～40 times higher concentrations than those from Gapyung stream. In addition to the water and sediment samples, the levels of heavy metals in spider from designated sampling sites were also determined. Heavy metals in spider collected near Siheung stream was appeared to be equivalent and/or a little higher levels with respect to other spiders. Furthermore, the ratio of relative heavy metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb) in spider from each stream site showed a correlation as similar as that of heavy metals in soil samples.

이 논문에서는 대전광역시 도심하천인 유등천 및 유등천이 합류된 갑천 하류 하상퇴적물의 물리화학적 특성을 분석하고 중금속에 의한 오염 정도를 평가하였다. 유등천 하천퇴적물은 약산성내지 약알칼리이며, 퇴적물 대부분은 모래가 약 80% 이상인 사질토로 양이온 보유능력과 수분보유 능력이 낮아 식물이 자라기에 부적합한 퇴적물임을 지시한다. 따라서 유등천변 소유역 퇴적물이 토양의 기능중 하나인 자정능력을 갖추기 위해서는 점토를 많이 객토하여 식생과 자정능력을 가지는 소유역 토양으로 전환해야 할 것으로 판단한다. 조사 지점별 중금속 성분의 함량변화 특성을 보면 유등천은 도심을 통과하면서 토사내 중금속(Pb, Cr, Cd)의 농도가 증가되는 경향을 보인다. 이러한 하천유역 토사내중금속 농도의 증가는 하천수의 수질과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다. 하상퇴적물 깊이별 중금속의 농도는 일부지점에서 심도증가와 함께 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 하천수의 수질오염은 하천 퇴적물의 오염으로 이어지고 이는 궁극적으로 하천생태환경에 영향을 미치게 되므로 하천수의 수질에 대한 지속적인 감시와 오염된 하상퇴적물에 대한 정화작업이 필요하다.

This study was performed to investigate the degree of pollution of sediments of stream and reservoir in rural area. A series of field investigations were carried out for Kyongki-do area and chemical analysis were performed for sediment samples. It was found that some samples were heavily polluted with phenol and TPH and gave off a malodor. Soil Pollution Scores(SPSs) was determined for sediment samples. Some samples were classified to Soil Pollution Class(SPC) 2 and 3. For recycling and disposal of dredged sediments from stream and reservoirs, these polluted sediments should be carefully considered. In the environmental improvement operations of rural area, the degree of pollution of sediments of stream and reservoir are carefully investigated and suitable counterplan must be established.