Economic indicators are a factor that affects air cargo volume. This study analyzes the different factors affecting air cargo volume by each Chinese cities according to the main characteristics. The purpose of this study is to help companies related to China, airlines, and other stakeholders predict and prepare for the fluctuations in air cargo volume and make optimal decisions. To this end, 20 economic data were used, and the entire data was reduced to 5 dimensions through factor analysis to build a dataset necessary and evaluated the influencing factors by multi regression. The result shows that Macro-Economic Indicators, Production/Service indicators are significant for every cities and Chinese manufacture/Customer indicators, Korean manufacture/Oil Price indicators, Trade/Current indicators are significant for each other city. All adjusted R2 values are high enough to explain our model and the result showed excellent performance in terms of analyzing the different factors which affects air cargo volume. If companies that are currently doing business with China can identify factors affecting China's cargo volume, they can be flexible in response to changes in plans such as plans to enter China, production plans and inventory management, and marketing strategies, which can be of great help in terms of corporate operations.

경찰이 수집하는 정보에 대한 인권침해적 요소가 발견되면서 경찰의 정보수집과 처리에 대한 법적인 관심도 급격하게 높아졌다. 이 때문에 현재 경찰의 정보활동은 법률유보의 원칙에 따라 직무규정 뿐만 아니라 최소한 개괄적 수권조항이 필요하다고 보고 있다. 그러나 경찰작용의 법 적근거로서 개괄적 수권조항을 찾으려는 시도는 경찰활동을 직무규범과 권한규범으로의 이원화하려는 독일 경찰법적 사고에서 비롯되고 있다. 원래 법률의 유보는 단순한 법적인 근거만을 의미하는 것이 아니라 그 작용에 대한 한계를 규정해야 한다는 의미를 내포하고 있다. 그러한 점 에서 법률유보의 원칙은 경찰작용의 한계를 명확히 하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 그러나 개괄적 수권조항은 법적근거만을 제시할 수 있는 추상적인 규정이라는 점에서 법률유보의 원칙이 요구하는 경찰작용의 한계를 충분 히 다루지 못하고 있다. 더구나 기존의 해석론은 경찰의 정보수집활동이 개인의 기본권을 침해하는가에 따라 나중에 경찰관 직무집행법 제2조 제 4호를 법적근거로 평가할 수 있다는 점에서 법적안정성을 위험하게 만들 고 있다. 이런 관점에서 경찰의 정보활동에 대한 법적 근거와 한계를 도 출하기 위해서는 경찰관 직무집행법 제2조 제4호의 법적근거와 개인정보 보호법 제3조, 제15조 제1항 및 제16조상의 법적 한계가 결합되어 적용 될 필요가 있다. 이러한 새로운 해석방법은 경찰의 정보수집활동이 개인 의 기본권의 침해여부가 불명확할 경우에도 명확한 법적인 근거를 제시 할 뿐만 아니라 나중에 침해적 행위로 밝혀진 경우에도 법적인 근거와 한계를 제시함으로써 법률유보의 원칙을 위배하지 않게 된다.

We performed the quantitative analysis using MATLAB for slice thickness, spatial resolution, and low contrast resolution with the 50 received images which have suitable judgement by scanning AAPM phantom using GE, PHILIPS, SIEMENS, and TOSHIBA. Slice thickness and spatial resolution were measured by using full width at half maximum(below FWHM). Spatial resolution was confirmed that FWHM interval more than 1.0 mm size. Low contrast resolution was measured that how close by using Roundness Index(below RI) until 6.4 mm size. The spatial resolution 9 images and low contrast resolution 10 images which have disapproved judgement were also had the quantitative analysis. The statistic analysis was judged to have statistically significant differences when p-value is less than 0.05 through SPSS statistics 19.0 and T-test (paired t-test). For slice thickness 5 mm, the average qualitative evaluation group shows 4.98 mm and quantitative evaluation group shows 5.02. For slice thickness 10 mm, the average qualitative evaluation group shows 9.98 mm and quantitative evaluation group shows 9.86. No significant differences (p=0.07, p=0.06) with 5 mm and 10 mm. It confirmed the interval for all FWHM until 1.75, 1.50, 1.25, 1.00 mm as approved images on spatial resolution ,and the average distance was 0.102 mm and the minimum distance 0.054 mm. For disapproved images, all interval was not showed under 1.00 mm. For low contrast resolution, spproved image’s RI value shows average 0.81 and minimum 0.77. The disapproved image’s RI average shows 0.70. Statiscally significant differences were presented (all p<0.05) following hole size.

In this study, heavy metal levels at the sediment monitoring network site upstream of the Gangjeong-Goryeong weir in the Nakdong River were surveyed from 2012 to 2016. We assessed the sediment pollution level using various pollution indexes based on ICP-MS analysis. The stream sediment pollution assessment standard, established through Regulation No. 687 of the National Institute of Environmental Research (2015), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (RI), and mean PEL Quotient (mPELQ) were used to evaluate the sediment pollution level. We verified the representativeness of the monitoring point through the distribution of sedimentation and scour behavior by river bed surveying using anacousticDopplercurrentprofiler.

To investigate the distribution characteristics of grain size and organic matter of surface sediments from the Nakdong-Goryeong Mid-watershed, surface sediments were collected and analyzed. The samples were collected from six sited at four different times between May 2013 and May 2014. The were analyzed for grain size, water content, ignition loss, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total nitrogen. The surface sediments were mainly composed of medium sand (mean 44.7%) and coarse sand (mean 32.8%) and became coarser in May 2014. Fine sediments at the site NG-2 were poorly sorted and positively skewed, and occur in a tributary environment that is relatively low-energy compared with the other sites. The water content at the studied sites (15.3 ~ 34.9%) averaged 20.25%, and ignition loss (0.4 ~ 5.8%) and total nitrogen (274 ~ 2493 mg/kg) averaged 1.33% and, 696 mg/kg, respectively. These values indicated that the sediments were not seriously contaminated when compared with the sediment pollution evaluation standard of the National Institute of Environmental Research. The chemical oxygen demand (mean 0.17%) was at the non-polluted level compared with United States Environmental Protection Agency sediment quality standards. The total organic carbon (mean 0.18%) at all sites except site NG-2 (lowest effect level) was the no effect level of the Ontario sediment quality guidelines. The COD/IL (0.02 ~ 0.20) and C/N (0.73 ~ 6.76) were less than 1 and 10, respectively. Organic matter in the study area produced naturally from aquatic organisms. Results of principal component analysis showed that fine sediments (very fine sand and silt) were significantly affected by organic matters (ignition loss, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total nitrogen). In addition, the highest organic matters content in the study area occurred at the site with the finest sediments (NG-2).

Multifunctional weirs constructed through the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project are operated as management water levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of water level in the main stem on the tributary water level according to multifunctional weir operation, because the operation of multifunctional weirs for water level management influences the drainage of tributaries. In this study, water level pressure gauges were installed and spatial and temporal water quality was observed. The LOcally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing (LOWESS) technique was applied to the Nakdong River and the Baekcheon Junction, both upstream of the Gangjeong-Goryeong weir, in order to analyze water quality trends. When considering the overall analysis and observations, it was found that the water quality forecasting point located at the Baekcheon estuary point should be transferred to the Dosung Bridge, which is located upstream of the Sunwon Bridge.

As part of the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project, multifunctional weirs have been constructed in the rivers and operated for river-level management. As the weirs play a role in draining water from tributaries, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of the weirs on the water level of the Nam River, which is one of the Nakdong River’s tributaries. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) and a locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) technique were applied to analyze the patterns and trends of water level and quality of the Nakdong River, considering the operation of the Changnyeong-Haman weir, which is located where the Nam River flows into the Nakdong River. The software program HEC-RAS was used to find the boundary points where the water is well drained. Per the study results at the monitoring points ranging between the junction of the two rivers and 17.5 km upstream toward the Nam River, the multifunctional weir influenced the water level at the Geoyrong and Daesan observation stations on the Nam River and the water quality based on automatic monitoring at the Chilseo station on the Nakdong River was affected strongly by the Nakdong River and partly by the Nam River.

For the development of flow duration curves for the management of 41 Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) units of the Nakdong River basin, first, an equation for estimating daily flow rates as well as the level of correlation (correlation and determination coefficients) was extrapolated through regression analysis of discrete (Ministry of Environment) and continuous (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation) measurement data. The equation derived from the analysis was used to estimate daily flow rates in order to develop flow duration curves for each TMDL unit. By using the equation, the annual flow duration curves and flow curves, for the entire period and for each TMDL unit of the basin, were developed to be demonstrated in this research. Standard flow rates (abundant-, ordinary-, low- and drought flows) for major flow duration periods were calculated based on the annual flow duration curves. Then, the flow rates, based on percentile ranks of exceedance probabilities (5, 25, 50, 75, and 95%), were calculated according to the flow duration curves for the entire period and are suggested in this research. These results can be used for feasibility assessment of the set values of primary and secondary standard flow rates for each river system, which are derived from complicated models. In addition, they will also be useful for the process of implementing TMDL management, including evaluation of the target level of water purity based on load duration curves.

Recently IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change, 2007) pointed out that global warming is a certain ongoing process on the earth, due to which water resources management is becoming one of the most difficult tasks with the frequent occurrences of extreme floods and droughts. In this study we made runoff predictions for several control points in the Geum River by using the watershed runoff model, SSARR (Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation Model), with daily RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios for 100 year from 1st Jan 2006 to 31st Dec 2100 at the resolution of 1 km given by Climate Change Information Center. As a result of, the Geum River Basin is predicted to be a constant flow increases, and it showed a variation in the water circulation system. Thus, it was found that the different seasonality occurred.

To certificate change in the geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the main stream of the Nakdong River, surface sediments from 12 sampling sites during the first and second half year (total 24 sampling sites) were collected and analyzed for grain size, ignition loss, total organic carbon and heavy metal content. Surface sediments mainly composed of sand (coarse and medium sand) and fining changed from the first half to the second half of the year. Ignition loss, total organic carbon and heavy metals content increased in the second half of the year. Some heavy metals (Zn, Ni and Cu) were found to be at the lowest effect levels according to Ontario sediment quality guidelines. Additionally, most heavy metals were found to be at the non polluted level and level I according to USEPA sediment quality standards and National Institute of Environmental Research sediment pollution evaluation standard, respectively. The enrichment factor (< 1) and index of geoaccmulation (< 0) were non polluted in the study area. The correlation analysis results showed that ignition loss, total organic carbon and heavy metal content were highly correlated with grain size. Regarding changes in geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the study area, grain size fine and organic matter and heavy metal content increased in the second half year. Nonetheless these results indicated pollution levels that did not adversely affect the benthos.

This study was performed to analyze the effects of a water circulation green area plan on non-point source pollution in Gimhae South Korea. A quantitative analysis of Arc-GIS data was conducted by applying a watershed model based on Fortran to investigate the changes to direct runoff and pollution load. Results showed that prior to the implementation of the water circulation green area plan in Gimhae, direct runoff was 444.05 m3/year, total biological oxygen demand (BOD) pollution load was 21,696 kg/year, and total phosphorus (TP) pollution load was 1,743 kg/year. Implementation of the development plan was found to reduce direct runoff by 2.27%, BOD pollution load by 1.16% and TP pollution load by 0.19% annually. The reduction in direct runoff and non-point source pollution were attributed to improvements in the design of impermeable layers within the city.

In this study, we analyzed on-site monitoring data for 15 tributaries in Geumho watersheds for 3 years (2011-2013) in order to sort out priorities on water quality characteristics and improvement. As a result of estimating contribution to contamination of the tributary rivers, Dalseocheon showed the highest load densities, despite the smallest watershed area, with 22.7% BOD5, 30.7% CODMn, 31.3% TOC and 47.6% TP. After conducting PCA (principal component analysis) and FA (factor analysis) to analyze water quality characteristics of the tributary rivers, the first factor was classified as CODMn, TOC, EC, TP and BOD5, the second factor as pH, Chl-a and DO, the third factor as water temperature and TN, and the fourth factor as SS and surface flow. In addition, arithmetical sum of each factor’s scores based on grading criteria revealed that Dalseocheon and Namcheon were classified into Group A for their highest scores - 96 and 93, respectively -, and selected as rivers that require water environmental management measures the most. Also, water environmental contamination inspection showed that Palgeocheon had the most number of aquatic factors to be controlled: BOD5, CODMn, SS, TOC, T-P, Chl-a, etc.

Ministry of Environment has been operating water quality monitoring network in order to obtain the basic data for the water environment policies and comprehensively understand the water quality status of public water bodies such as rivers and lakes. The observed water quality data is very important to analyze by applying statistical methods because there are seasonal fluctuations. Typically, monthly water quality data has to analyze that the transition comprise a periodicity since the change has the periodicity according to the change of seasons. In this study, trends, SOM and RDA analysis were performed at the Mulgeum station using water quality data for temperature, BOD, COD, pH, SS, T-N, T-P, Chl-a and Colon-bacterium observed from 1989 to 2013 in the Nakdong River. As a result of trends, SOM and RDA, the Mulgeum station was found that the water quality is improved, but caution is required in order to ensure safe water supply because concentrations in water quality were higher in the early spring(1~3 month) the most.

The government has conducted a plan of total maximum daily loads(TMDL), which divides with unit watershed, for management of stable water quality target by setting the permitted total amount of the pollutant. In this study, BOD concentration trends over the last 10 years from 2005 to 2014 were analyzed in the Geumho river. Improvement effect of water quality throughout the implementation period of TMDL was evaluated using the seasonal Mann-Kendall test and a LOWESS(locally weighted scatter plot smoother) smooth. As a study result of the seasonal Mann-Kendall test and the LOWESS smooth, BOD concentration in the Geumho river appeared to have been reduced or held at a constant. As a result of quantitatively analysis for BOD concentration with exploratory data analysis(EDA), the mean and the median of BOD concentration appeared in the order of GH8 〉GH7 〉GH6 〉GH5 〉GH4 〉GH3 〉GH2 〉GH1. The monthly average concentration of BOD appeared in the order of Apr 〉Mar 〉Feb 〉May 〉Jun 〉Jul 〉Jan 〉Aug 〉Sep 〉Dec 〉Nov 〉Oct. As a result of the outlier, its value was the most frequent in February, which is estimated 1.5 times more than July, and was smallest frequent in July. The outlier in terms of water quality management is necessary in order to establish a management plan for the contaminants in watershed.

As a result of analysis based on the observed data for BOD, COD and TOC in order to manage non-biodegradable organics in the Geumho River, COD/BOD ratio was analyzed as the occupying predominance proportion. In this study, the classification(changes in water quality measurement : increase, equal, decrease) and measurement of BOD and COD were analyzed for trends over the past 10 years from 2005 to 2014 in the Geumho River. The Geumho River is expected to need non-biodegradable organics management because BOD was found to be reduced 61.1% and COD was found to be increased 50%. As a result of the analysis of land use, the Geumho-A is a unit watershed area of 921.13 km2, which is the most common area that is occupied by forests. The Geumho-B is a unit watershed area of 436.8 km2, which is the area that is highest occupied by agriculture and grass of 24.84%. The Geumho-C is a unit watershed area of 704.56 km2 accounted for 40.29% of the entire watershed, which is the area that is occupied by urban of 15.12%. Load of non-biodegradable organics, which is not easy biodegradable according to the discharge, appeared to be increased because flow coefficient of COD and TOC at the Geumho-B were estimated larger than 1 value. The management of non-point sources of agricultural land is required because the Geumho-B watershed area occupied by the high proportion of agriculture and field. In this segment it showed to increase the organics that biodegradation is difficult because the ratio of BOD and TOC was decreased rapidly from GR7 to GR8. Thus, countermeasures will be required for this.

효과적인 하천관리를 위해서는 준설과 각종 수리구조물의 영향에 의한 하상변화 양상을 파악하고 평가하는 것이 필수적이다. 특히 대규모 준설과 대형수리구조물의 건설은 본류뿐만 아니라 지류의 하상안정에도 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 금호강이 유입하는 낙동강 강정고령보∼달성보 구간에 대해 하도준설과 보 건설 및 운영에 따른 본류와 지류에서의 장기하상변동 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. HEC-6모형을 이용하여 유사이송 및 장기하상변동 양상을 모의하였으며, 그 결과 준설 및 보 운영으로 인해 본류뿐만 아니라 지류에서도 하상변화량이 증가하고 가속화되었다.

In order to certificate the distribution and pollution of heavy metal of surface sediments in Nakdong River were collected and analyzed for grain size, water content, ignition loss and heavy metal content. Surface sediments mainly composed of sand(avg. 94.6%) and water content and ignition loss were 20.46%, 1.53% on average. Grain size were relatively fine and organic matter content were relatively high in the Hoichun and Sunakdonggang. Most of heavy metal content(Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Hg) in the Deokcheongang and Sunakdonggang were higher than the other streams. The Igeo were non polluted(less than 0) in all streams and the EF were relatively high in the small stream and PLI were non polluted(less than 1). In addition, organic matter, heavy metal content and pollution were highly correlation with grain size. Surface sediments in study area, heavy metal pollution of the Sunakdonggang were relatively high compared to the other stream but these results were not serious pollution that exceed the sediment pollution evaluation standard of river and lake in Korea and pollution levels adversely affected the majority of benthos were not.

In this study, it is an object to develop a regression model for the estimation of TOC (total organic carbon) concentration using investigated data for three years from 2010 to 2012 in the Gam Stream unit watershed, and applied in 2009 to verify the applicability of the regression model. TOC and CODMn (chemical oxygen demand) were appeared to be derived the highest correlation. TOC was significantly correlated with 5 variables including BOD (biological oxygen demand), discharge, SS (suspended solids), Chl-a (chlorophyll a) and TP (total phosphorus) of p<0.01. As a result of PCA (principal component analysis) and FA (factor analysis), COD, TOC, SS, discharge, BOD and TP have been classified as a first factor. TOCe concentration was estimated using the model developed as an independent variable BOD5 and CODMn. R squared value between TOC and measurement TOC is 0.745 and 0.822, respectively. The independent variable were added step by step while removing lower importance variable. Based on the developed optimal model, R squared value between measurement value and estimation value for TOC was 0.852. It was found that multiple independent variables might be a better the estimation of TOC concentration using the regression model equation(in a given sites).

멜론은 세계 10대 주요채소로 대표적 글로벌 작물이며, 박과작물에서 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 주요 작물이다. 멜 론은 주로 교배와 선발에 의하여 품종육성이 이루어지고 있어 육종소재 육성에 많은 노력과 시간이 소요되고 있 다. 따라서 단기간에 고정계통을 얻을 수 있는 반수체 배양법을 품종 육성에 적용할 필요가 절실히 요구되고 있다. 박과작물은 약배양 및 소포자 배양 효율이 낮아 극히 제한적으로 이용되고 있으며 일반적으로 자성 발생을 이용한 위수정배 배양 및 배주배양법을 이용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 내병성 및 환경 적응성이 높은 5품종의 F1 (BN143, 145, 150, 152, 153)의 배주를 재료로 하여 배주배양을 실시하여 반수체 식물체를 유기하여 다양한 육종소재를 확 보하고자 하였다. 재료는 개화 24시간, 12시간, 6시간, 개화 직후의 샘플을 채취하여 씨방을 1mm로 슬라이스하여 배지조성 (MS와 NLM), 호르몬 조성(TDZ, BAP, NAA, Kinetin), sucrose 농도, 전처리 온도와 기간별로 식물체 유기 율을 조사하였다. 품종간의 식물체 유기율은 상이하였으나 BN143, BN145, BN150은 개화 6시간 전의 시료에서 TDZ 0.02mg/L에 10일간 치상 후 BA와 NAA 혼합배지로 계대배양한 절편에서 식물체 유기율이 높았다. BN152와 BN153에서는 배주의 일부가 캘러스화 되기는 했으나 식물체는 유기되지 않았다. 품종별 식물체 유기율이 상이하 므로 품종에 맞는 조건설정과 고효율의 배양계 구축이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. (본 연구는 농림수산식품부 수출 전략기술개발사업(312065-05-2-HD020)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.)