The objective of this study was two folds: to investigate the relationship between paternal identification rate and sperm quality parameters such as motility and sperm chromatin structure assay after heterospermic insemination; to see if mutual complement between tests and development of useful technique to enhance the fertility in artificial insemination. In individual boar's fertilizing ability, 3 high fertility boars showed significantly high fertility (p<0.05) compared to 3 low fertility boars, but there was no difference in litter size between two groups. Sperm motility test in pooled and individual semen using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) revealed that no significant difference among boars. The high fertile boar showed tendency of low %Red (High red fluorescence/green+red fluorescence) in sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) but paternal identification rate from piglets did not differ after heterospermic insemination. The correlation coefficient between individual or pooled semen function test and farrowing rates were well correlated as follows: %Red with litter size (r= - 0.53, p=0.03); %Red with paternal identification rates (r=-0.51, p=0.03); paternal identification rates with litter size (r=0.57, p=0.02). These results indicate that sperm chromatin structure assay and sperm quality parameter test in pooled semen are useful method to predict and evaluate the fertilizing capacity after heterospermic insemination in boars.

The objective of this study was to determine the potential hazardous effects of sorting process by flowcytometry on the quality of boar spermatozoa by flowcytometer. Freshly collected boar semen was diluted and divided into two groups; control none sorted and sorted. Sperms in sorted group were processed with flowcytometer for cell sorting with 100 uM nozzle under the 20 psi pressure. Measurements on each parameter were made at two time points, 0hr (right after sorting) and 24 hr post sorting. Although there was a tendency of lower viability in sorted group than none sorted control group, the percentage of live cells in control(75.83+-6.92 & 59.53+-10.34) was not significantly different from sorted (59.7+-7.34 & 43.97+-3.76) at both 0 and 24 hr post sorting. However, sorted sperm showed significantly lower mitochondrial function compared to the control at both 0 h (79.37+-3.22 vs. 63.50+-10.05) and 24hr(67.27+-3.22 vs. 46.97+-5.37) time points (p<0.007). Sperm DNA fragmentation rate was significantly lower in control (22.0+-7.04) than that of sorted (32.27+-7.49) at 24 hr time point (p<0.0002). Taken together, these data suggested thatsorting process by flowcytometer may have influenced sperm motility rather than viability. Also high speed sperm sorting by flowcytometer has significant effects on DNA fragmentation on elapsed time after sorting.

The rapid growth of the food packaging field is powered by the ever growing health conscious consumers and demand for fresher and higher quality foods. Active packaging technologies provide solutions for extending products shelf life with specially altered packaging systems. Among the several shelf life enhancer systems, active packaging system for preventing oxidation is discussed in this paper. Oxidation is generally regarded as the main factor in the development of rancidity of fats and oils. The oxidative processes result in the food becoming unacceptable for consumers. Such oxidation is inhibited by exclusion of oxygen and by the presence of antioxidants. First of all, oxygen scavengers made up of substances which chemically or enzymically react with oxygen were developed to remove oxygen. The commercial oxygen scavengers such as “ageless sachet”, “platinum catalyst”, and “glucose/oxidase enzyme” have been greatly discussed in their action mechanisms and applications. The use of antioxidants in packaging manufacture has so far been limited to stabilizing the polymer during the processing or retarding the change of polymer's physical properties during storage when UV irradiated. However, a further benefit derived from incorporation of an antioxidant into the polymer is more interesting for its ability to retard lipid oxidation of the packaged food via slow migration of an antioxidant from the polymer to food. In view of which, in this paper we will review some oxygen scavenger systems as well as antioxidant-impregnated or antioxidant-coated polymer packaging material.

Background : Recently, there have been dynamic researches conducted on stevia as natural sweetener subtitute for sugar, However, Researches related to harvest period and parts of plant in stevia are few. Therefore, this study was conducted to select optimum harvest time and parts by measuring the natural sweeteners contents and analyzing antioxidant materials and activity according to harvest times, parts of plant. Methods and Results : Stevia was cultivated in plastic house, The leaves were harvested from April to October and the stem were only harvest in July and September. Stevia leaves and stems were extracted using high temperature and pressure extraction: Dried stevia leaves of 5g were added by 100ml of distilled water equivalent to 20 times of dry weight, and the mixture were extracted by autoclave at 121℃ for 15min. The contents of Rebaudioside A and Stevioside of stevia leaves harvested from April to October showed a tendency to increase gradually from July to October as the temperature increased, but the contents of rebaudioside A and stevioside decreased slightly in August due to excessively high temperature. The extraction yield of stevia leaves were highest in October and September, and there was no significant difference in the other period. In the stevia stems, the extraction yield was lower than that of stevia leaves in general regardless of harvest time. Total phenolic contents and flavonoid contents according to harvest time showed little difference among treatment. Conclution : stevia leaves were better than stevia stems regarding the use of rebaudioside A and stevioside as natural sweeteners. Also, it was confirmed that the stevia leaves of July, September and October, except for the high temperature period of August, had superior in quality and quantity.

Background : Codonopsis lanceolata is currently used as vegetable, as well as materials for traditional medicines. However, consumers have nagative views on using pesticides and chemical fertilizer in C. lanceolata cultivation. Therefore, this research was conducted to select the appropriate organic fertilizer to improve the growth and saponin components of C. lanceolata by some organic fertilizers application. Methods and Results : Organic fertilizers were applied as 4 types: mixed organic matter, fermentation cake, bacterial culture and rice husks, excluding conventional chemical fertilizer and non-treatment used as control. The result analyzed in soil after fertilizer application showed that soil pH was acidified in fermentation cake and chemical fertilizer treatment, especially, chemical fertilizer treatment showed very high phosphoric-acid content than other treatments, and total N content was higher in fermentation cake, mixed organic matter and chemical fertilizer. Growth of C. lanceolata showed superior tendency in the treatment of mixed organic matter and fermentation cake. Lancemacides could be identified as foetidissimoside A, lancemaside A, lancemaside B, and lancemaside D. However, among them, quantitative analysis could not be conducted on foetidissimoside A due to its very low content, and lancemaside A was the most abundant saponin in the root from all the treatments. The content of lancemaisde A according to organic fertilizer application showed the highest value in the treatment of mixed organic matter, followed by the fermentation cake, bacterial culture, non-treatment, rice husks and chemical fertilizer, in that order. The content of lancemaside B and D was very low compared to lancemaside A, and there was no difference among treatments. Conclusion : The growth of C. lanceolata was superior in application of mixed organic matter and fermentation cake, and the major saponin, lancemaside A, was also increased.

This study was conducted to analyze the effects of horticultural therapy program based on health care education on quality of life, stress, depression and anxiety of hypertensive patients, and to find effects on ability to control hypertension by continuing health care education and horticulture education. Subjects were 60 adult hypertension patients aged 30 to 64 at a hospital in K-gu, Seoul, aged 30 to 64. Experimental group of 30 patients received horticultural therapy program and control group of 30 patients did not receive horticultural therapy program. The horticultural therapy program was conducted for 60 minutes per session, twice a week, and total 8 times. This study was performed from 1. Aug. to 31. Oct. in 2015. Each session was based on contents of basic health care education and horticultural education. The programs were verified by 5 specialists in related fields (1 doctor, 2 nurses, 2 horticultural therapists). To prove effects of horticultural therapy program, patients’ stress, depression, anxiety, quality of life and knowledge of hypertension and horticulture were estimated 3 times(before, after and 1 month after the experiment). SPSS (Version 22 for Windows) was used for t-test of independent sample, which analyzes demographic information and verifies homogeneity, and for t-test of matching sample which shows different effects between groups. As the results, horticultural therapy program based on health care education made significant positive effects on stress and quality of life of hypertensive patients. Moreover, the horticultural therapy program improved knowledge on horticulture and hypertension. However, there were no significant changes in control group. This result shows that the horticultural therapy program based on health care could relive stress and improve quality of life.

Background : This study was conducted to serve as a basis for the production of high quality organic cultivation Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots by analyzing the content of saponins according to organic fertilizer for organic farming. Methods and Results : Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix was treated by with biodegradable film, rice husks, and sawdust, non-mulching (hand weeding). A root of Platycodon grandiflorum were analyzed saponins using HPLC harvested on October. Content of Plantycodin D3 was an average of 68.5 ㎎/100g, which appeared as 111.2 ㎎/100g highest content in the sawdust treated. Deapioplatycodin D showed the highest 48.1 ㎎/100g in the sawdust treated. The content of Platycodin D was shown to 246.2∼373.8 ㎎/100g, the highest values were observed in non-mulching, it showed the lowest value in the rice husks treated. The content of Polygalacin D showed up to 156.0 ㎎/100g in the non-mulching as the biggest difference, the lowest value were 30.1 and 32.2 ㎎/100g in sawdust and rice husks treated. Large differences between fertilizers was not showed, but the overall saponin content of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix were low in value compared to the control than organic fertilizers. Conclusion : Large differences between mulching materials was showed, thus the overall saponin content of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix was highest in value compared to non-mulching than sawdust treatment. Mulching Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix with sawdust was an effective method for improving saponin contents.

Background : This study was performed to know the effect of mulching materials on the growth and root characteristics of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix. Methods and Results : Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix was treated by with biodegradable film, rice husks, and sawdust, non-mulching (hand weeding). To measure the fresh weight and length, thickness and the number of fine root of the Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots harvested in October. Root length appeared in the biodegradable film and sawdust were 27.5 and 26.7㎝ longest, rice husks was the shortest 22.0㎝. Diameter at the thickest showed 30.9 ㎜ in biodegradable film, the following phrase appeared sawdust and rice husks application. The number of fine-root was investigated in biodegradable film most piece 36.0. Fresh weight, which is directly related to yield were biodegradable film to 130 g the highest in the number of fine-root and the longest root length. Conclusion : For the increasing the yield that Pharmacological effect, biodegrada

Background : This study was conducted to determine the effects of mulching, an environmentally friendly organic cultivation method, on antioxidant compounds and growth in Codonopsis lanceolata. Methods and Results : C. lanceolata was treated by mulching with a non-woven fabric, biodegradable film, or rice husks, as well as hand weeding, and non-treatment. The growth and levels of weed control in C. lanceolata were better in plants cultivated under mulching treatments (non-woven fabric, biodegradable film, and rice husks) than under non-mulching treatments (hand weeding, non-treatment). The contents of antioxidant compounds, such as total flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanin, were highest under biodegradable film treatment, followed by non-woven fabric treatment, rice husks treatment, hand weeding, and non-treatment. DPPH and ABTS activity were able to identify to have differences their activity in comparison to antioxidant compounds content by solvent fractions. Mulching treatments produced a higher activity in water and ethyl ether fractions for DPPH scavenging activity and in n-butanol fractions for ABTS scavenging activity compared to other fractions, although total activity of DPPH and ABTS were not increased with mulching treatments. Conclusion : Mulching C. lanceolata with biodegradable film and non-woven fabric is an effective method for improving plant growth and inhibiting the occurrence of weeds as well as increasing antioxidant compound content and changing of antioxidant activity.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities and the contents of antioxidant compounds in extracts derived from 24 medicinal crops. Methods and Results : Dried plant materials were extracted by methanol. The extracts of each plant were evaporated under vacuum and stored in deep freeze at -20℃ until use. The levels of total phenolic compounds were much higher in Evening primrose, Houttuynia cordata, Chinaberry, Sumac, Gaeddongssuk, Giant knotweed and Dendropanax morbifera compared with other crops. On the other hand, the total phenolic compound levels in Safflower, Fleeceflower root, Gingko, Black nightshade, Saposhinikovia root, and Maize woody pith were relatively low. The total flavonoid contents were highest in Houttuynia cordata, followed byDendropanax morbifera, Gaeddongssuk, Aralia cordata and Evening primrose. DPPH activity was significantly higher in Gaeddongssuk, Sumac, Chinaberry, Dendropanax morbifera and Evening primrose, and ABTS activity was significantly higer in Sumac, Chinaberry, Evening primrose, Giant knotweed, Gaeddongssuk and Dendropanax morbifera than other plants. The antioxidant activities dertermined in all assays positively correlated with the total phenolic compoubds (0.619≤ r ≤0.895) and flavonoid contents (0.488≤ r ≤0.619) as well as among themselves (r=0.900). Conclusion : These results suggest that Evening primrose, Gaedongssuk, Sumac, Dendropanax morbifera, and Giant knotweed can be utilized as food additives and natural antioxidants due to their strong antioxidant activity.

Background : The root of Platycodin grandiflorum has been widely used as a crude drug or a dependent on the cultivation area and cultivation method. Therefore, this study was conducted to know the effect of organic fertilizer on the changes of antioxidents and antioxidant activity of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix. Methods and Results : As basal fertilizer were treated before transplanting Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix with chemical fertilizer(Super21, 21-17-17, Namhae Chemical), mixed organic fertilizer, bacterial culture, fermented oil cake and manure in each trial of nitrogen based on 3㎏/10a criteria. The total polyphenol content was highest values were 15.5mg/g appear in the mixed organic fertilizers, the lowest were 9.1mg/g appeared in the manure and control. Flavonoid content showed the highest 15.3 mg/g in the mixed organic fertilizer, and investigated at the lowest 5.0 mg/g in the fermented oil cake. ABTS radical scavenging activity was the highest in was 65.7 mgTE/g in the chemical fertilizer, showed the lowest value in the control to 13.0 mgTE/g. Therefore, both flavonoid and polyphenol content showed a high value on organic fertilizers. Conclusion : Therefore, both flavonoid and polyphenol content showed a high value on organic fertilizers. It is determined that to have researches for a variety of antioxidants by the organic fertilizers made in the future.

Background : This study was conducted to serve as a basis for the production of high quality organic cultivation Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix roots by analyzing the content of saponins according to organic fertilizer for organic farming. Methods and Results : As basal fertilizer were treated before transplanting Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix with chemical fertilizer(Super21, 21-17-17, Namhae Chemical), mixed organic fertilizer, livestock manure, bacterial cultures and fermented oil cake in each trial of nitrogen based on 3 ㎏/10a criteria. A root of Platycodon grandiflorum were analyzed saponins using HPLC harvested on October. Content of Plantycodin D3 was an average of 40.6 ㎎ /100g, which appeared as 48.1 ㎎/100g highest content in the bacteria cultures treated. Deapioplatycodin D showed the highest 70.9 ㎎/100g in the control, the rest was investigated 28.1∼54 ㎎/100g. The content of Platycodin D was shown to 327.4∼373.8 ㎎/100g, the highest values were observed in mixed organic fertilizer, it showed the lowest value in the control. The content of Polygalacin D showed up to 336.7 ㎎/100g in the manure as the biggest difference, the lowest value were 54.5 and 74.2 ㎎/100g in bacterial cultures and control. Large differences between fertilizers was not showed, but the overall saponin content of Platycodin grandiflorum Ridix were low in value compared to the control than organic fertilizers. Conclusion : For the increasing the yield that Pharmacological effect, organic fertilizer is effective to increase the number of fine-root high which high contented with saponins.