The carbon anode material for lithium-ion battery was prepared by pyrolysis fuel oil and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) additive. The pitch was synthesized as a medium material for carbon anode by heat treatment. The waste PET additive improved the softening point and thermal stability of the pitch. La and Lc of the anode material (heat-treated pitch) increased at higher treatment temperature but decreased by waste PET additive. The electric capacity was evaluated based on effects of defective cavity and developed graphite interlayer, respectively. When the La and Lc of the anode material decreased, the electric capacity by cavity increased based on defective graphite structure. Therefore, the addition of waste PET causes the improved capacity by the cavity. The anode material which has a high efficiency (over 95%) and C-rate (95%, 2 C/0.1 C) was obtained by controlling the process of heat treatment and PET addition. The mechanism of lithium-ion insertion was discussed based on effects of defective cavity and developed graphite interlayer.

Royal jelly (RJ) is a gelatinous substance that bees produce to feed bees and queen bees. It’s frequently sold as a dietary supplement to treat a variety of physical ailments and chronic diseases. While it has long been used in traditional medicine, its applications in Western medicine remain controversial. The inhibitory effect of royal jelly on osteoarthritis was investigated in primary cultured rat cartilage cells and monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced arthritis rat model 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HAD) is the main fatty acid present in RJ. Among the criteria for RJ quality analysis, 10-HAD content has been proposed as a freshness parameter. We investigated the effect of RJ on the improvement of osteoarthritis on SD rats and they were divided into five groups. In this study, we examined the effect of enzymatic royal jelly (ERJ) administration on osteoarthritis. To determine the antiinflammatory effects of RJ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression were measured after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation in RAW 264.7 cells. In in vivo animal study, osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of MIA into knee joints of rats. As a results, ERJ showed that TNF-α and IL-6 levels were decreased by ERJ treatment in a dosedependent manner. In conclusion, ERJ extract was able to inhibit articular cartilage degeneration by preventing extracellular matrix degradation and cartilage cell damage. It was considered that ERJ extract may be a potential therapeutic treatment for degenerative osteoarthritis.

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is an economically important pest, which harms various kinds of important agricultural crops, such as tomato. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ionizing radiations (electron beam, X-ray, gamma-ray) on the development and reproduction of H. armigera and to determine the optimal dose of three ionizing radiations for the construction of quarantine technology applicable to tomato export.

Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) pests, including the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, are economically important in agriculture. With the annual growth of the domestic fresh fruit export market, various quarantine treatment methods are being used to export strawberries of better quality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of gamma rays on the development and reproductive sterility of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. In both species, the eggs were completely inhibited from hatching at 50 Gy, and the emergence of 3rd instar nymphs was completely suppressed at 150 Gy. Some adult B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum spawning occurred at 100 Gy and 70 Gy, respectively; however, at these irradiation levels, F1 hatchability was completely inhibited. Dosimetry results showed that the penetrating power of gamma ray in the strawberry-filled box was the lowest at the mid-box position. Therefore, B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum were placed in the middle of the strawberry-filled box and irradiated. A gamma-ray irradiation of 100 Gy suppressed the development and reproduction of eggs and adults in both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. However, the development of 3rd instar nymphs was inhibited at 300 Gy for B. tabaci and 200 Gy for T. vaporariorum. Our data suggest that at least 300 Gy should be used for the control of these two types of whitefly for strawberry export.

Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa) is a grapevine pest and distributed worldwide. This study was conducted to identify grapevine damage related to density of C. vitis and to suggest an effective control time. The damaged flower buds displayed retarded growth and became dried up, and symptoms of damaged leaves such as malformed and bronzed leaves were observed. Flower cluster and leaves were collected and density of the grape rust mite were observed by using a washing and sieving method. The highest mean density (±SE) of C. vitis was found to be 672.6±112.9 per flower cluster with mid-level damage, and 450.1±66.5 per 2 leaves was found on the damaged leaves. These severe damage symptoms were observed in the early spring, and the density of the grape rust mite was significantly higher as 80 times in damaged vineyard than in the undamaged at the early growth stages of the grapevine. To determine the emergence time of the grape rust mite from lower part of a winter bud the ratio of density of C. vitis on upper-bud to lower-bud was observed. On 13 April 2015, 80% of the grape rust mites were observed on upper-bud where the mite could feed at the bud burst stage. Therefore, once the symptoms of damaged flower clusters and leaves are observed, acaricides should be sprayed before inflorescence emergence, and at the early growth stage between bud burst and leaf development in following year. This would allow the decrease of the density of C. vitis in early spring, and the progression of severe damage could be prevented.

에멀션 기반의 계면활성제를 이용한 주형합성법을 이용하여 산촉매로서 염산과 실리카의 전구체인 테 트라에톡시실란을 사용함으로써 메조다공성 실리카 마이크로스피어를 합성하였다. 테트라에톡시실란의 농도 증가에 의해 구형의 입자 형태가 파괴되었고, 기공구조도 크게 변하였다. 산촉매 농도 증가에 의한 구형의 입자형태 파괴 현상은 적었지만 상대적으로 작은 크기의 구형의 마이크로입자가 더 많이 생성되 었다. 하지만, 산성조건에서 입자들 간의 강한 응집현상이 나타남에 따라 낱개의 분리되어 있는 단일입자 를 얻기 위해서는 초음파 등의 후처리 과정이 필요하였다.

Al t hough substance P(SP) , a potent pro- inflammatory peptide, is involved in inflammation and immune responses‘ t he eff'ect of SP on t he expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 3a (MIP- 3α CCL20) in periodontal liga ment(PDL) cell s a re unknown, Equally as enigmatic is the link between SP, t he stress protein heme oxygenase- l(HO-l) ‘ and CCL20 procluction, We investigated whether SP induces the release of chemokine CCL20 from immortal ized PDL(IPDL) ceJJ s‘ and fur ther c l a꺼 SP mediated pathways, We also examined the relationship between HO-l a ncl CCL20 by t reating PDL cells with SP, Incubating IPDL cells with SP increased expression of CCL20 mRNA a nd CCL20 protein in a dose-time dependent manner Highly selective p38 and ERKl/2 inhibitors abrogated SP-induced expression of CCL20 in IPDL cell s, SP is a lso responsible for ini t iating phosphorylation of I/C B, degradation of Iκ B‘ ancl activat ion of NF'-/C B, SP induced expression of HO-l in both a concentration- and time-dependent man nel ‘ and CCL20 refl ected s imilar patterns, The inductive effects o[ SP on HO- l and CCL20 wer e enhanced by HO- j inducer hemin and the membrane-permeable cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP, Conversely, this pathway was inJübited by t he 1-10난 inhi bitor zinc protoporphyrin IX(ZnPP IX) and the selective inl뼈itor of guanylate cyc1ase‘ lH-[l , 2, 4Joxad iazole[4‘ 3-aJquinoxal in-l-one (ODQ) , We report herein the pathway that connects SP along with other modulators 。f neuroimmunoregulationto the induction of HO-l and t he inflammatory mediator MIP-3a /CCL20 in IPDL cell s‘ which play an important role in the development 01' periodontitis or inflamrnation during orthodontic tooth movem

뻐ny studìes have shown the anti-proli ferative effects of irondeprivation on cancer cell s‘ but the effects 01' iron-chelators on oral cancer have not been clearly elucidated , To investigate the effects of an iron chelato r, desferrioxamine( 01"O).on the growth of ilIllTIortali zed human o1'al ke ratinocytes(IHOK), primary oraJ cancer cel ls(HN4)‘ metastatic oral cancer cell s(HN12) , and human skin keratìnocytes(HaCaT) in the MTr assay, three-dimensional(3D) raft cul tmes, Western blott ing, cell cycJ e analysis‘ nuclear staining‘ and cytochrome c expression for apoptosis s ig naling pathway were used OFO inhibited the growth of immortalized IHOK and HaCaT and mal ignant HN4 and HN12 keratinocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner according to the MTT assay, The 3D organotypic cu l tu re also revealed that OF'O-treated cells showed less epithelial maturation, less surface keratinizati on‘ and de creased epithelia l thickness, The major mechanìsm of growth inhìbition with the micromolar 0 1"0 treatment was by the induction of apoptosis‘ which was supported by nuclear OAPI staining, ONA fragmentation analysis, and J10w cytometric analysis for sub-Gl phase ar rest and Annexin V-1"ITC stainìng, Furthermore‘ Bax expression in creased together with p53 and p21WAF1!CIPl, whìle the Bcl-2 expression decreased in the immortalized and malig nant keratinocytes treated with 01"0 , Time-dependent cytochrome c from mitochondria was observed in D1"O-treated [l-IOK and 0 1'머 cancel‘ ceJJ s, and was accompanied by the activation of caspase-3 in IHOK cells. These resu lts demonstrate that 0 1"0 has growth inhibitory effects on immortalized and malignant oral keratinocyLes Lhrough the induction of apoptosis and suggest that further evaluation of OFO as a potcntial thcrapcutic agent for human oral precancerous and cancerous lesions is warranted

목 적 : ORB-ScanII (Version 3 .1 2) 와 DGH500 Ultrasonic pachymetry를 이용하 여 시력교정수술 전 각막중심두께를 측정하여 비교함으로써 수술의 안정성과 정확성 을 높이고자 하였다. 대상과 방법 : 본원에 시력교정수술을 받기 위해 내원한 환자 66 명 130안을 대상 으로 각막두께를 측정하였다. ORB-ScanII 은 어두운 조명에서 3 회를 측정하였고 DGH500 Ultrasonic pachymetry는 20 회 이상 측정하여 중심부의 가장 앓은 각막의 두께를 사용하였다. 두 측정장치의 평균과 표준편차를 알아보았고 일치성은 상관분석 과 회귀분석을 통해 알아보았다. 결 과 : 평균 각막중심두께는 ORB-Scan II z로 측정한 경우는 529 .45 :t 33.34μm 이 였고， DGH500 Ultrasonic pachymetry로 측정한 경우는 525.22 :t 3 1.21μm 이였으며， ORB-ScanII 이 DGH500 Ultrasonic pachymetry보다 평균 4.23 :t 7.91 따l 더 높게 측정 되었다. ORB-ScanII 와 DGH500 Ultrasonic pachymetry 의 상관계수는 0.972로 1 에 가까웠 으며 선형회귀분석을 통하여 회귀식을 구하였다. 결 론 : 두 기기로 측정한 값에서 가장 앓은 각막두께를 기준으로 함으로써 수술 의 안정성을 높였으며 수술 후에 발생할 수도 있는 각막 변형을 예방하는데 도움을 주였다. 하지만， 측정 방식에 따른 측정 장치의 오차를 줄일 수 있는 기술적 발전이 펼요하리라 생각된다.

조절작용은 눈의 굴절상태를 변화시킬 수 있는 힘으로 나이가 어리면 어릴수록 이 것을 억제하기가 어렵다. 사람은 나이가 들면서 조절력이 감소되고 조절작용올 억제 하기가 쉬워진다. 기존 연구에서 고둥학교 학생들의 조절마비제 정안 전과 후의 굴절 력의 변화가 적었고 나이가 어릴수록 조절마비제를 이용하여 굴절검사가 이루어져야 한다고 하였다. 이 연구의 대상자들은 부모나 보호자들에 의해 시력장애가 의심되거나 환자 스스 로 시야의 흐립을 호소한 경험이 있는 순천지역 6-9세 사이의 소년 60 t청 (OS)을 대 상으로 하였다. 굴절이상을 제외한 녹내장， 백내장， 망막질환， 약사， 가성근시， 그리고 조절마비는 대상의 생플에서 제외시켰다. 환자들의 내원 당일 타각적과 자각적 방법 으로 현성굴절검사(Manifest Refraction) 와 조절마비제률 이용한 굴절검사( Cycloplegic Refraction)를 하였고， 5 일 후 추적 검사 (Post Cyclo-refraction) 를 하였다. 본 연구에서는 면과 원주요소를 각각 CR과 MR, PCR과 MR, PCR과 CR의 차이를 계산하여 Origin 6.0(paired t-test) 프로그랩올 사용하여 분석 하였다. 그 결과 CR과 MR, PCR과 CR의 차이와 비교하여 MR과 CR의 구면요소 굴절차이가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이러한 구면의 차이는 나이가 중가할수록 감소하였다 :6세 (p = 0.03237, t = -3.78325) 와 7세 (p = 0.000245378, t = -5.31없3) 에서 는 유의 하였고 8세 (p = 0.08871, t = -1.97593) 와 9세 (p = 0.48959, t = -0.74536) 에 서 는 유의 하지 않았다. MR과 PC의 구면 차이는 모든 나이에서 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았다. 김의 연구도 또한 MR과 CR의 차이가 7 세 보다 어린 나이에서 굴절력의 차이가 크게 나타났다고 보고 하였다. 결론적으로 각각의 굴절상태 차이에서 구면요소는 나이가 어릴수록 조절성향 이 강한 반면 원주요소는 굴절 변화가 적고 불규칙적이며 불일치성을 보였다 (p< 0.05). 이 결과에 의하여 나이가 어린 환자， 특히 7세 미만에서는 반드시 조절마비제 를 이용한 굴절검사가 이루어져야 하겠다.

근시안의 각막두께와 굴절력， 안압올 측정하여 이들과 근시정도에 대한 상관관계에 대하여 연구하였다. 연구자들은 2001년 11 월부터 2003년 3월까지 순천 K안과에 내원 한 19세에서 40세 사이의 안과질환이나 전신질환이 없는 근시이상 환자 69명(남자 30명 60안， 여자 39명 78안)올 대상으로 안압， 각막두께， 굴절이상， 각막굴절력올 측 정한 값을 기준으로 하였다. 각막두께측정 (pachymetry )은 B.V. Intemational(France)올 사용하여 probe를 각막 정점과 직각방향에서 500nm 파장올 정점에 조사하여 각막표변에서 반사되는 파장과 두께를 통과하여 반사된 두 파장의 위상차를 이용하여 두께가 결정되는 원리에 의한 것으로 3 회 측정한 값올 평균하였다. 안압측정은 XPERT NCT Plus(Leica. Inc. U. S.A) 를 사용하여 각막정점에 3회 측정한 값올 평균하였다. 타각적과 자각적굴절검 사는 각각 검영기(Heine， German) 와 포롭터， 각막굴절력은 모든 검사에 우선하여 Eye Sys. Techno1ogies (USA)를 사용하여 측정 하였다. 연구자들은 근시정도에 따라 1 군 (-0.25D--2.75D) ， 2군 (-3.00D- -6.00D), 3군 (-6.25D 이상)으로 나누어 각막중심두께를 비교한결과 남자의 경우 1 군과 2군은 유 의성이 없었으나 (p = 0.13잃8) ， 2군과 3군， 1 군과 3군은 통계학적으로 유의하였다. 여 자 각막중심두께는 단지 1군과 3군에서 통계학적으로 유의하였다(p = 0.02769). 각막 굴절력은 남녀 모두 수평과 수직굴절력에서 1 군과 2군， 2군과 3군은 유의하지 않았으 나 1 군과 3군은 유의하였다. 근시상태에 따른 평균안압은 남녀에서 근시의 정도가 높 을수록 대 체적으로 안압이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 남자 2군과 3군， 1 군과 3군은 유의하였고 1 군과 2군은 유의하지 않았다(p = 0.28329). 여자 평균 안압은 단지 1 군과 3군에서 통계학적으로 유의하였다(p = 0.02347).

The patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a vascular structure connecting the proximal descending aorta to the roof of the main pulmonary artery, near the origin of the left branch pulmonary artery. Transcatheter closure has become the treatment of choice for most cases of PDA in both children and adults; however, measurement of the exact size and morphology of the shunt in adult cases using only contrast fluoroscopy is difficult. We report on a case of a 49-year-old woman who underwent transcatheter closure of PDA with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guideance. In the current case, IVUS is feasible and helpful for measuring the exact size and shape of the PDA.