The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) is a cosmopolitan pest that poses an economic threat to many crops such as pepper, corn, perilla, etc. A. ipsilon can be mass reared by providing Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa under 60~70%, 16L:8D and 25±1℃ in laboratory. This study presents the mass rearing methods and the morphological characteristics of the immature stages of A. ipsilon including descriptions of the each immature stages.

The turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae is one of the main pests that damage the leaves of cabbage, radish and other cruciferous crops. The developmental biology and morphological characteristics of the immature stages of Athalia rosae were studied in the laboratory using host plant, Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa var. glabra. A. rosae can be mass reared in laboratory throughout the year under RH 60~70%, 16L:8D and 25±1℃. This species has six larval stages in the female and five larval stages in the male. The developmental period is about 28~29 days. Ovipositional periods and larval developmental periods were 6, 9 days, respectively. The pupal period was about 14 days. Illustrations and descriptions of the various immature stages and their behaviors are provided.

Nysius Dallas, 1852, is one of the most common and widely distributed genera under the superfamily Lygaeoidae. Species under this genus are hard to identify due to similarity of the species and variability of the coloration. The Nysius species were collected with the help of aspirator and plastic vile in the perilla crop fields in RDA, Miryang, Korea. Korean species of the Nysius were identified, and three species including a newly reported species N. inconspicuus were recognized. Morphological and genetic characteristics of species were illustrated, and a key to species of Korean Nysius was provided. The DNA barcoding information of N. plebeius and N. inconspicuus were recorded.

The microstructure observation of seed surface structure is needed for protocols of breaking dormancy of seeds with physical dormancy. The seeds of Rubus species are surrounded by a thick, hard endocarp; together, the seed and endocarp make up the stone. We evaluate stone characteristics of 18 species of Rubus through optical microscopic observation, and correlate different stone characteristics with endocarp thickness. As a result of stone size comparison, Rubus species were classified as big stones group including R. parvifolius and R. idaeus, small stones group including R. longisepalus var. longisepalus, R. corchorifolius and R. hirsutus, and middle stones group including rest of the species. The result of this study revealed that stone size and the endocarp thickness in Rubus species was various characteristics in each species. Furthermore stone size and stone weight were also well correlated endocarp thickness and result indicated that heavy stones had harder endocarp than lighter one. Thus from the result of this study it can be presumed that only one stone characteristic approach may be sufficient to estimate other characteristics in Rubus.

본 실험은 풀무치의 군집형 대발생 대비 예찰매뉴얼 개발을 위하여 형태적 특징, 발생생태, 먹이선호도, 산란조건 시험을 수행하였다. 전남 무안지역에 자연발생한 풀무치 274마리의 성비는 암컷과 수컷이 18.2 : 81.8로 수컷비율이 높았고, 녹색형이 60.9%, 갈색형이 39.1%로 녹색형 이 많았다. 몸길이와 체중이 암컷은 6.5 cm, 2.8 g이고, 수컷은 5.0 cm, 1.5 g으로 암컷이 컸으며, 색깔에 따른 몸 크기는 차이가 없었다. 야외에 서 풀무치의 산란활동은 8월 하순부터 10월 하순까지 관찰되었는데, 9월 하순부터 10월 상순에 산란한 알은 이듬해 5월 하순에 부화하였다. 성충 의 일일 섭식량은 암컷 3.5 g, 수컷 1.6 g 이었다. 풀무치의 먹이선호도는 옥수수 > 조 > 기장 > 억새 > 벼 순이었으며, 억새와 벼는 좋아하지 않 았다. 풀무치가 산란을 가장 선호하는 토양은 순수 모래였으며, 산란유도 후 토양 수분함량이 높을수록 누적부화량이 많았다.

The relationship of in vitro starch digestibility and gel strength was investigated at various concentrations (10-30%) of rice cultivars with different amylose contents (27.9, 17.9, and 5.2%). As the rice flour concentration increased, predicted glycemic index decreased, but gel strength increased regardless of amylose contents. Gel strength correlated strongly with amylose content, whereas in vitro starch digestibility was more highly affected by rice flour concentration than by amylose contents. Moreover, the impact of degree of gelatinization on in vitro starch digestibility of high amylose rice was also examined in terms of structural features and rheological properties. The digestion rate of fully gelatinized flour was 1.7 times higher than that of native flour, while the disrupted structure with a different gelatinization degree during starch digestion was visually demonstrated through the X-ray diffraction and molecular distribution analysis. The rice flour changed from an A-type to a V-type pattern and showed difference in crystalline melting. The low molecular weight distribution increased with increasing degree of gelatinization during starch digestion. The apparent viscosity also increased with degree of gelatinization. These results demonstrated that the starch digestibility of rice was more affected by concentration than by amylose content, as well as by the degree of gelatinization due to structural difference.

The production scale of mushroom cultivation in Korea is approximately 600 billion won, which is 1.6% of the Korean gross agricultural output. Annually, ca. 190,000 tons of mushrooms are harvested in Korea. The oyster mushroom is one of the most favorite and commonly consumed mushrooms in Korea. In case of breeding, the protoplast fusion technique of the oyster mushroom, P. ostreatus was first commercialized in the world. To develop the high temperature varieties, various examinations were accomplished. Protoplast fusion of abalone mushroom, high temperature, and oyster mushroom, popular mushroom, were attempted. 2 strains of P.ostreatus and 2 strains of P.abalonus were fused to each other by protoplast isolation. Fusion strains were investigated by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) marker, and selected strains were cultivated at 25°C after completing the mycelial growth. As a result of sawdust bag cultivation, most of strains showed the fruiting body, but the morphological characteristics among them were not significant different. However, these protoplast fusion strains were expected as new parents strains to develop varieties.

본 연구는 잎마늘 생산을 위한 마늘 주아의 최적 주아 크기와 재식밀도를 알아보기 위함이다. 첫번째 실험에서 0.2g 이상의 주아를 대주아로, 이하를 소주아로 나눈 후 대주아는 13,680bulbils/m2와 18,240bulbils/m2, 소주아는 18,240bulbils/m2와 22,800bulbils/m2의 재식밀도로 치상하였다. 발아율, 초장과 총 수확량을 측정하였다. 두번채 실험에서, 200립의 박피된 주아의 길이, 폭, 생체중과 건물중는 발아시, 발아기와 발아율의 상관를 분석하기 위해 측정되었다. 첫번째 실험에서, 발아율은 대주아에서 가장 높았다. 잎마늘 재배를 위해 재식밀도18,240bulbils/ m2가 가장 높은 발아율 때문에 가장 적당한 재식밀도였다. 수확량의 경우 생체중과 건물중 모두 대주아가 소주아에 비해 2.8배 가량 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 주아의 형태적 특성과 생체중과 건물중 및 폭간은 정의 상관을 보였다. 또한 발아율은 생체중과 폭간의 정의 상관을 보였다. 그리고 발아시와 발아기는 생체중과 폭간의 부의 상관을 보였다. 그럼으로, 결론적으로, 적정 재식밀도는 18,240bulbils/m2의 재식 밀도와 0.2g 이상의 주아 크기였다. 그러나, 더 두껍고 두 무거운 주아가 더 높은 더 빠른 발아율을 이끌 수 있다.

‘Baekseung’, a new variety of Flammulina velutipes, was bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolated from KMCC 4210 and KMCC 4216 in Mushroom Research Division, Baekseung ARES in 2016. Baekseung showed fast mycelial growth and high mycelial density on MEA (Malt Extract Agar) media for 7days of incubation. Spawn running period on the sawdust substrate required 30days at 25°C. The cultivation period and optimum temperature were 11±1 days at 14°C for primordia formation and 14±1 days at 7°C for fruiting body development. The length of pilei and stipes in Baekseung harvested in optimal stage exhibited 11.3±0.4㎜ and 89.2±7.1㎜ and Megumi harvested in optimal stage showed 8.2±1.0㎜ and 95.9±5.0㎜ respectively. Yield of Baekseung and Megumi strain grown of sawdust substrate was 153.7±12.5g and 150.5±29.7g per 850ml in bottle cultivation. The inferred tree exhibited the difference of phylogenetic relationship between the Korean white fruiting body strains such as Baekseung, Uri1ho, Fv-14-a-38, and Fv-14-a-51 and the Japanese white fruiting body strain Megumi.

Wolfiporia cocos is a widely known traditional medicine in China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian countries due to its various medicinal effect. Aiming to determine the optimum condition for W. cocos fruit body induction, we cultured 10 strains of W. cocos on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) in different temperature conditions (12, 16, 20, 24, 28oC). KFRI 1105 exceptively formed fuitbody in low temperatures (12 and 16oC), but in other strains, fruit body induction was restricted. in 12 and 16oC. Fruit body formation started 20oC, and formation rate increased proportionally with the temperature increase. 5 strains induced fruit body in 20oC, 7 strains in 24oC, and 9 strains in 28oC. This is the first research to identify a fruit body formation in vitro cultured W. cocos in Korea. This investigation will enable further studies of W. cocos physiology and breeding. In summary : 1. We identified the optimal conditions for W. cocos fruit body induction in the PDA plate. 2. The fruit body was best induced when it was cultured in 28 oC for 32 days. 3. The fruit bodies showed a honeycomb-like structure, and the average spore size was 7.55 μm in height and the average width was 3.35 μm.

Wolfiporia cocos is a well-known traditional medicine in China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian countries owing to its numerous therapeutic properties. With the aim to determine the morphology and genetic characteristics of W. cocosten strains of W. cocos were cultivated in vitro, and subsequently, rapid amplification of polymorphic DNA was performed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the morphology of fruit bodies of W. cocos in Korea. W. cocos were cultured on PDA agar at different temperatures (12, 16, 20, 24, and 28oC) under 12-hour light (600 Lux) / 12-hour dark photoperiod condition for 1 month. Appearance of fruit body was the highest at 28°C condition in all the strains investigated. Honeycomb-like structure on sclerotia was observed in Andong 01, Andong 02, Andong 03, KFRI 1104, KFRI 1105, KFRI 1106, KFRI 1107, KFRI 1108, and ASI 13007 strains of . The KFRI 1103 strain formed cosmos petal-like structure on sclerotia. The average size of basidiospores was recorded as 7.55 μm in height and 3.35 μ in width.

The morphological characteristics of the baculum were compared among Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Hypsugo alaschanicus, Vespertilio sinensis, and Murina hilgendorfi. Their bacula were located at the distal end but their shapes were differed among species. V. sinensis had the longest baculum (mean=7.27 mm), followed by R. ferrumequinum (mean=5.02 mm), H. alaschanicus (mean=2.60 mm) andM. hilgendorfi (mean=2.15 mm). The baculum of R. ferrumequinum was Y-shaped, with a pointed tip and that of V. sinensis was long and conical. However, the baculum of H. alaschanicus was I-shaped, with the widths of proximal and distal ends larger than that of the shaft. The baculum ofM. hilgendorfi was small, and oval shaped. The shaft of the baculum of R. ferrumequinum and H. alaschanicus was linear in shape, whereas that of V. sinensis was curved towards the distal end, and that ofM. hilgendorfi was bent upward. The results showed that the baculum morphology differed among these four species. These findings can be utilized as an identification key for these species, and they can be used as baseline data for studying the phyletic relationships of bats.

환경오염원으로부터 지역별 솔잎혹파리 피해도의 차이를 조사하기 위하여 실시한 결과, 솔잎혹파리 충영형성율은 석유화학공단에 의한 환 경오염이 심각한 상황에 있는 공단지역은 충영형성률 47.94%이었고, 대조지역은 9.94%였다. 솔잎혹파리 피해엽은 공단지역 피해엽의 길이는 평균 4.5 cm 였으며, 대조지역은 평균 4.9 cm 이었다. 솔잎혹파리 피해엽의 충영내 유충의 수는 공단지역은 평균 3.4개체이었고, 대조지역은 2.4개체 이 었다. 성숙유충의 크기는 공단지역이 유충체장은 2.40 mm, 체폭은 0.7 mm 이었으며, 대조지역의 유충체장은 2.45 mm, 체폭은 0.71 mm 이었다.

본 연구에서는 희귀수종인 가침박달의 외부형태학적 형질을 재검토하여 기존 문헌 및 선행 연구와의 차이를 파악하 였으며, 식물상 문헌 및 표본정보를 통해 국내 분포도를 작성하였다. 또한 토양의 이화학적 특성을 분석하여 외부형태형 질과 토양 조건과의 상관성을 고찰하였다. 가침박달 자생지 토양분석 결과, 유기물함량 3.25-29.83%, 전질소함량 0.15-1.14%, 유효인산 3.0-156㎎/㎏, 치환성 K+ 0.39-1.49cmol+/㎏, 치환성 Ca2+ 2.48-38.07cmol+/㎏, 치환성 Mg2+ 0.77-18.29cmol+/㎏, 양이온치환용량 7.3-23.0cmol+/㎏으로 확인되었으며, 토양 pH는 4.6-7.1인 것으로 조사되었다. 대구 앞산 집단의 경우, 유기물함량, 전질소, 양이온치환용량이 가장 높았고, 화서의 길이가 길고, 꽃의 수가 많아 다른 지역에 비해 유의성 있게 차이를 나타냈다(P < 0.001). 또한, 집단의 유전적거리와 지리적 거리, 일부 외부형태형 질의 차이를 통해 이들의 상관성을 확인할 수 있었다. 희귀 수종인 가침박달의 생육특성을 파악하고, 서식지 내 보존을 위해 외부형태형질, 유전적 구조, 생육상태, 식생구조, 환경특성 등 다양한 데이터의 종합적 고찰이 필요하다.

Although chemical fertilizers have a quick effect and broad applicability to agricultural fields, they have caused many problems like increasing soil acidity or decreasing soil organic matters. Environmental-friendly agriculture has been attempted in various ways such as organic agriculture, natural farming, low input and sustainable agriculture. The common interest of all environmental-friendly systems is to decrease burden to agricultural environment by low input of agricultural labor and materials. This study was conducted to estimate overwintering capacity and genetic distance among Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus, CMV) collections based on morphological characteristics and AFLP (Amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis. Furthermore, the effect of CMV as green manure was observed in mix-cultured paddy fields with rice, sesame and sweet-potato. An another objective of this study was also to compare the pattern of weed occurrence in paddy fields with or without CMV and different rice transplanting times. The CMV collected from Paju district in central region of Korea was successively occurring through self-reseeding without artificial management. However, there was no noticeable difference in growth habit between Paju native CMV and introduced CMV from China which is currently used in farm fields. On the basis of multi-dimensional scaling and tree analyses, there are no significant difference of agricultural growth characteristics among Paju and chinese collections only excepting leaf angle and root length. The flowering time of Gurye collection was fast for 1 week as compared to other collections. AFLP that was commonly used for plant classfication, was applied to exam the genetic variation of CMV collections. Total 579 PCR products and 336 polymorphic fragments were generated using 8 primer pairs.

Morphological and culture characteristics of the novel Phellinus linteus variant KACC93057P collected in Korea were characterized in this study. The surface of the wasangular, sessile, tough-woody, concentrically zonate, and dark brown in color. Basidiocarppores were circular, with 5–7 pores per mm. The hyphal system was dimitic, and basidiospores were ellipsoid or oval, 4.5–6 × 4–5, exhibiting characteristics typical of P. linteus. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25–30oC, and optimal pH for growth was 5–7. The mycelial growth rate of P. linteus KACC93057P was faster than that of other P. baumii isolates. On growth medium, KACC93057P formed aerial mycelia with density higher than that of other isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-ribosomal DNA sequences were closely related to the sequences P. linteus complex.

Since the first Korean button mushroom ‘Sae-Ah’ developed in 2010, most farmers had wanted to cultivate a new variety. A new variety, ‘SaeJeong’, was developed in 2011, but this variety was difficult to cultivate in mushroom farm. To solve the variety problem, a new variety ‘Sae-do’ was developed in 2012. The variety, ‘Sad-do’, was made by crossing hetrokaryon A175 and homokaryon ASI1346-15 selected by genetic analysis. The heterokaryon A175 is crossed line between ASI1038-211 and ASI1346-20. The mycelium of ‘Saedo’ on CDA (compost dextrose agar) grew well at 25°C. The optimum pin-heading temperature of it was 13-15°C and optimum growing temperature was 13-20°C. Earliness (days required from casing to first harvesting) was 2 days shorter than control ‘Saejeong’. Even though the diameter of mature cap and the length of stipe were shorter than a control, the individual weight of fruiting body was heavier because of thick pileus and stipe. Therefore, the yield was increased by 1.89 times than control and the hardness of pileus was stronger. The field experiment of ‘Saedo’ variety has been started since 2013. Most farmers evaluated that the variety has good compost colonization and cap shape, and high yield in harvesting. For that reason, ‘Saedo’ has occupied half of the of distribution rate of Korean varieties. Also distribution rate of Korean varieties was increased from 26.1% in 2014 to 37% in 2015.

This study was conducted to screen the characteristics of external and cranial characters of Crocidura shantungensis collected from Korean Peninsula, Ulleung Island and Jeju Island. There were significant differences in head-body length (HBL), tail length (TL), ear length (EL), and hind foot length (HFL) in males and HBL, TL, and HFL in females among three populations (p<0.05). The HBL and TL in the Jeju Island population were larger (8.0 mm and 4.0 mm in lengths, respectively) than those of the Korean Peninsula population. Based on skull analysis, a total of thirteen traits showed significant differences among the three populations (p<0.05). The condylo-insicive length (CIL), maximum width of brain case (MWB), mandibular length (ML), and mandibular height (MH) in the Jeju Island population were significantly larger than those of Korean Peninsula population (p<0.05). Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that two principle components (PC) identified from the PCA affected on the body size and width of the skull, respectively. Discriminant analysis revealed that these populations could be discriminated through skull traits. These findings concluded that the Jeju Island population was greater in the size than the Korean Peninsula, suggesting that the Jeju Island shrews have successfully adapted to the island environments and they had morphologically differentiated during glacial period after natural immigration into that Island. Thus, this study supports the ‘Island Rule’, showing that the population is well adapted to the island environments. This may provide important information for biogeographical and ecological studies on insular animals.