The study aims to investigate corporate social responsibility (CSR) best practices of the world automotive industry - Peugeot, BMW, Ford, Hyundai and Toyota among others – and recommend that they plan their business strategies and managerial responses accordingly. Based on the comparative research and case studies, this research finds that all five automobile manufacturers have taken very similar measures and actions in order to establish and maintain a high level of CSR practices. Sustainability was a core value in all five companies and served as a guiding principle in every aspect and approach of their business. This study finds that all five companies have CSR strategies in place to increase energy efficiency as well as reduce the usage and wastage of water in their production and plants. This research also finds that all companies monitor their suppliers and their own production process to ensure that they maintain their CSR standards. More impressively, this sustainable management practice is transferred along the companies’ supply chain through education and training. Their suppliers and business partners are closely monitored to make sure that their high CSR standards are respected and followed. However, we find that there also are some differences in terms of their CSR deliveries and activities.

Purpose: This study conducted a cross-cultural examination of behavioral activation/inhibition in physical education between Korean and Chinese middle school students. Methods: Korean participants were 494 students and Chinese participants were 447 students. We surveyed the BAS/BIS questionnaire for physical education. The data were analyzed by frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, a reliability analysis and independent t-test with confidence interval. Results: The following findings were obtained. First, the students’ BAS/BIS score were differentiated by country, gender and grade variable. Second, generally, Korean males tended to have higher positive teachers’ action-attitude scores than Chinese male students. Third, Korean female and male students showed higher BIS score including incompetence and negative teachers’ action than Chinese students. Fourth, there were also grade difference on positive teachers’ action-attitude and negative teachers’ action in both countries. Conclusion: We found some of the cultural background between Korean and Chinese middle school students and its psychological properties and suggested the cross cultural research in Nothern East Asian countries including China, Korea and Japan.

본고는 프란츠 리스트(1811-1886)의 즉흥연주에 대한 사고를 탐구한다. 1820-1850년대에 걸쳐 리스트는 서유럽 비르투오소 즉흥연주자로 그의 명성을 떨쳤고, 동시에 그의 헝가리-집시 즉흥연주에 대한 이해를 확충하며 그의 저서와 작곡에 반영하기도 하였다. 기존의 연구가 서유럽과 헝가리-집시라는 양대문화에 기인해서 리스트와 즉흥연주의 관계를 조명했다면, 본 논문은 그 두 문화의 융합과 연계에 초점을 맞춘다. 필자는 다음 네 가지에 특히 초점을 맞춘다. 첫째, 1820년대 즉흥연주에 대한 리스트의 문화융합적 사고에 주목한다. 둘째, 1830-1840년대의 즉흥연주에 대한 비판과 리스트의 해결책을 살펴본다. 셋째, 1840-1850년대의 즉흥연주 쇠퇴와 역으로 부상하는 리스트의 헝가리-집시 즉흥연주에 대한 탐구에 집중한다. 마지막으로, 이러한 흐름을 바탕으로 리스트에게 즉흥연주는 작곡과 연주의 경계를 모호하게 하는, 또한 서유럽과 헝가리-집시의 경계를 넘나드는 중요한 음악적 매개체였음을 이해한다. 이상의 네 가지에 주목하면서 필자는 리스트의 실용적이면서도 이성적인 대응, 평가절하적인 즉흥연주에 대한 진지한 탐구, 혁신적인 문화융합적 사고를 다각도로 분석한다.

Purpose - This paper discusses cross-cultural management (CCM) in China and how its business students get prepared by university cross-cultural management courses for an international market. Research design, data, and methodology – It was therefore decided to do an online content analysis looking at CCM courses offered by a number of Chinese universities first, and second to conduct a quantitative survey on CCM courses as well as topics among Chinese undergraduate business students at a large Eastern Chinese university. Results - From fundamental aspects, seven Chinese cultural standards emerge which highly influence the behaviour of the Chinese. There is a tendency to imply the integration of not only local but also cross cultural issues in academic management courses. Besides Hong Kong, there are currently 17 Chinese universities and schools accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) that explicitly requires cross-cultural management competencies in undergraduate and graduate degree programmes. In addition, the study confirmed that two-third of the sample (Chinese undergraduate business students) had taken cross-cultural management courses. Conclusions - The results of this research have made it clear that Chinese universities and schools are aware of the importance of cross-cultural management competencies.

After pointing out both the paucity of research on cross-cultural telephone call closings between interactants whose dominant languages differ and the lopsided attention to telephone call openings, the present study first illustrates the reciprocal duplication of the identical terminal elements between the conversationalists across the American telephone closing turns and the progressive unilaterality by one interactant, and in response, the repetition of yey ‘yes’ by the other interactant in the Korean telephone closing turns. Then, it turns to an English telephone call closing between a North-American English speaker and a proficient speaker of English whose native language is Korean and whose total length of stay in English-speaking countries is limited to between one year and two years. The data illustrate that the Korean caller’s telephone closing sequence in English resembles that of Korean more than that of North-American English in light of the absence of lexical duplication, minimal reciprocity, and the terminal silence in response to bye in English. The source of the Korean-like behaviors in the English telephone call closing is traced to the influence of the telephone call closing sequence in the speaker’s dominant language (i.e., Korean in this case). The present study identifies it as conversational transfer in order to put more weight on the sequential interdependence and reciprocity of cross-cultural telephone conversation closings without limiting the participants to second language learners. Suggestions for future studies based on the limitations of the present study are also offered along with some pedagogical implications.

This study discusses several issues which are very important in worldwide mergers and acquisitions, such as cultural differences, culture clashes, operating results and financial quality. A case of SAIC Motor's acquisition of Ssangyong Motor is examined. For this study, 20 financial ratios are used to calculate the financial quality of SAIC in the post-acquisition integration. The result shows that cultural differences possibly have a negative effect on post-acquisition integration and cultural clashes are the root cause of the financial quality plummet. The suggestions are also provided that top managers should pay much more attention to the negative effects of cultural clashes and strengthen cultural integration.

Purpose - This study aims to identify the reasons behind the conspicuous consumption of Veblen products, viz. fashion designer wear, diamond and gold jewellery, and high-end cars, to examine how conspicuous consumption varies between Aryan and Dravidian cultures. Research design, data, and methodology - The researchers meticulously review the relevant literature, administered a well-structured questionnaire, and conducted personal interviews on various influential factors relating to the consumption of Veblen products. The convenience sampling technique was used to gather data, with a total sample of 200, equally selected from eight cities of both North and South India the collected data was analyzed through ANOVA and Z-Proportion tests. Results - Indian consumers’ conspicuous consumption significantly varies among the Veblen products selected for the study, between the Aryan and Dravidian cultures. Regarding conspicuous consumption of branded accessories, 65 percent of Aryan culture Indians responded positively as against only 45 percent of the Dravidian culture Indians. Conclusions - This ingenious study proffers valuable insights about the conspicuous buying behavior of affluent class consumers in India, which are lucrative for both the corporate sector and academia.

본 연구는 6요인 목표(과제접근, 과제회피, 자기접근, 자기회피, 타자접근, 타자회피)로 구성된 3×2 성취목표 모델(Elliot, Murayama, & Pekrun, 2011)을 체육 상황에 적용하여 그 개념구조와 관련변인과의 예측적 관계를 반복 검증하였다. 연구 1(N =193)과 2(N =407)의 결과 6요인 성취목표의 구조는 모두 자료에 적합하였다(연구 1.X²=354.59, df =120, p <.001, Q=2.12, CFI= .952, TLI=.938, RMSEA=.076; 연구 2. X²=254.21, df =120, p <.001, Q=2.11, CFI=.972, TLI=.965, RMSEA =.052). 연구 2에서 회귀분석의 결과 접근과 회피에 기반한 6개 성취목표는 각각 접근-회피 기질에 의해 예측되었으며, 긍정적 부정적 정서와 과제 관여와 관련이 있었다. 다집단 확인적 요인분석의 결과 3×2 성취목표의 요인 구조는 두 집단 간에 동일한 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과는 3×2 성취목표 모델이 중학교 체육 상황에 적용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

This is a case study which examined the topic management behavior of three participants in a cross-cultural con- versation. The research questions were: 1) in what ways was the global topical move structured?; 2) Were there recurrent discourse patterns that implicated topic change? For the study, the participants` talk was recorded, transcribed and analyzed through conversational analysis. In global topic management, the native speaker of English had the most dominant role while the nonnative speakers served as passive recipients. The common topic change indicators in local topic management were questions, pause, and the discourse marker ``so.`` In using these, some differences were observed among the participants, which might be attributable to crosscultural differences or the nonnative speakers` lack of confidence. The pedagogical implications were also discussed.

본 연구는 한국과 미국노인들을 대상으로 그들의 신체활동단계 및 단계적변화모형 하위변인들에 차이가 있는지를 파악하고, 신체활동단계에 대한 단계적 변화모형 하위변인들과 국가의 영향을 확인하였다. 서울의 N구에 거주하는 한국 노인 180명과 미국 루지애나주 B시에 거주하는 미국 노인 174명 총 354의 노인들이 참여하였다. 신체활동단계질문지, 운동효능감질문지, 의사결정질문지, 변화의 과정질문지, 신체활동수준질문지 등이 사용되었다. 본 연구에서 미국노인들 (75.6%)이 한국노인들 (60.9%)에 비해 보다 더 규칙적으로 신체활동에 참여하는 것으로 보고되었다 (X2 = 12.75, p<.001). 단계적변화모형의 하위변인들 중, 운동장애 변인을 제외한 모든 변인들이 신체활동단계별로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. [행동전략F(3,349) = 18.61, 인지전략 F(3,349) = 11,12, 운동효능감 F(3,349) = 9.11, p<001, 운동이득 F(3,349) = 5.06,p<01]. 또한 운동효능감 (F(1,341) = 22.97, p<001)과 운동이득변인 (F(1,341) = 10.32, p<001)이 한국과 미국 노인들간에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 판별분석에 따르면, 행동전략, 자기효능감, 국가, 인지전략, 운동이득 변인들이 신체활동을 설명하는데 유의하게 기여하는 것으로 나타났다 (Wilks`λ = .77,F[18,354]= 13.00, p<001). 이들 변인에 의한 신체활동단계의 전체적인 판별의 정확성은 56.7%로 나타났다. 본 연구주제와 관련된 후속연구들은 다른 문화권에 있는 연구대상자들의 신체활동에 영향을 주는 변인을 확인하는데 있어 심리적 변인뿐만 아니라, 거시적인 관점에서 사회적, 환경적 변인들을 고려하여야 한다.

본 연구는 태국에서 이문화인식과 학습동기를 통한 한국어교육 활성화를 위한 일련의 방안을 강구하는 데 목적이 있다. 한국어교육에서 문화적 측면을 고려함은 문화 상호간 무슨 차이가 있으며, 그 차이가 문화간 의사소통에 어떤 문제를 야기시키는지, 또 문화차이가 존재하게 되는 이유 등을 규명하게 한다. 언어문화통합교육은 학습자 중심 교육은 물론 실제 자료의 사용으로 효과적인 과제 중심 교육을 실시할 수 있다. 언어학습에 있어서 이문화인식은 양국 문화의 특징을 상대성과 다양성의 측면에서 충분히 이해되도록 해야 할 것이다. 따라서 한국어학습자와 교사들은 의사소통적 기능뿐만 아니라 문화간 인식에도 많은 관심과 지식을 가져야 한다. 한국어학습자의 학습동기 유발과 이문화인식은 학습자들이 무엇을 배우기를 원하고, 무엇을 필요로 하는지에 우선 전략적 바탕을 두어야 한다, 더불어 한국어교육의 활성화를 위한 양국 정부, 대학교 및 기업의 역할도 함께 고려할 필요가 있을 것이다.