Workplace safety continues to be an area of concern in the maritime industry due to the international nature of the operations. The effectiveness of extensive legislation to manage shipboard safety remains in doubt. The focus must therefore shift towards the human element - seafarers and their perceptions of safety. The study aims to understand the alignment that exists between safety culture and safety climate on board ships as perceived by seafarers. The underlying factors of safety climate were identified using factor analysis which isolated seven factors - Support on Safety, Organizational Support, Resource Availability, Work Environment, Job Demands, 'Just' Culture, and Safety Compliance. The perception of safety level of seafarers was found to be low indicating the existence of misalignments between safety culture values and the actual safety climate. The study also reveals that the safety perceptions of officers employed directly by ship owners and those by managers do not differ significantly, nor do they differ between senior and junior officers. A shift in perspective towards how seafarers themselves feel towards safety might provide more effective solutions – instead of relying on regulations - and indeed aid in reducing incidents on board. This paper details practical suggestions on how to identify the factors that contribute towards a better safety climate on board ships.

Abstract
I. Introduction
II. Literature Review
    2.1 Safety Culture and Safety Climate
    2.2 Drivers of safety culture
    2.3 Development of Safety in the Maritime Industry
    2.4 Challenges Faced in Shipping
III. Research Methodology
    3.1 Analytical Methodology
    3.2 Questionnaire Design and Survey Respondents
    3.3 Assessment Variables
IV. Results or Main Findings
    4.1 Safety Scores
    4.2 Identifying Drivers of Safety
    4.3 Safety and Type of Employer
    4.4 Safety and Rank.
    4.5 Analysis of Responses
V. Discussion
    5.1 Safety Perceptions
VI. Conclusions and Practical Implications
References

• Yogendra BHATTACHARYA(University of Petroleum & Energy Studies)