Human errors committed by traffic managers have consistently been identified as one of the major causes of traffic accidents. In fact, these errors are not merely the result of individual negligence but are closely related to the organizational level of safety culture. This study empirically examines the effects of safety-culture factors on the occurrence of human error through a survey of 100 employees from road and railway traffic control centers. Safety culture was categorized into five dimensions: leadership, rule compliance, reporting system, mutual trust, and learning orientation. Human error was defined based on Rasmussen’s generic error-modeling system (GEMS) as slips, mistakes, or violations. The analysis revealed that leadership and reporting system contributed the most significantly in reducing human error, whereas learning orientation and mutual trust show significant effect. Rule compliance is statistically significant but its effect size is relatively limited. This study transcends the classical perspective of regarding managerial human error as an individual fault and demonstrates that the level of organizational safety culture is a decisive factor in error prevention. Furthermore, the findings provide both academic and practical implications by suggesting directions for strengthening safety culture at the level of traffic-safety policy and organizational management.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of an unsupervised outlier-detection method as a surrogate safety measure (SSM) to estimate the effect of AI-based Bike-Safe monitoring system. An SSM that utilizes near-miss data immediately before an accident occurs must be developed to compensate for inadequate bicycle accident data and missing reports. In particular, the omission level of accident reports related to bicycle users is higher on bicycle paths, which implies that the importance of an SSM in safety management is much greater than in the general road environment. Therefore, the unsupervised outlier-detection method was set as the SSM because it can be learned without a label, is suitable for streaming data, and is generalizable under limited data. Additionally, the DeepAnT(deep learningbased anomaly detection) model was selected as the most appropriate time-series outlier-detection method. Using the time-series prediction module of the learned DeepAnT model, we analyzed the frequency of outliers or avoidance behaviors based on a linear relationship between estimated and observed values. The history data of the acceleration change rate of each bicycle were applied to the DeepAnT model to evaluate the possibility of using alternative safety indicators. Thus, those data are expected to be applicable as an alternative safety indicator for bicycle paths.

Traffic congestion and abrupt speed variations in tunnels increase crash risks and reduce traffic operational efficiency. Thus, a pacemaker system (PMS) was developed to stabilize traffic flow by guiding drivers to maintain uniform speeds through the use of sequentially illuminated LED lights installed along tunnel walls. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the effects of a PMS on traffic operational efficiency and safety in the Geumnam Tunnel of the Seoul–Yangyang Expressway via a driving simulation. In speed-recovery scenarios, sequential LED lights effectively encouraged drivers to gradually restore their speed. Consequently, the average speed increased significantly, whereas both the difference in speed and the space-varying volatility of speed decreased, thus indicating enhanced driving consistency and improved flow stability. In speed-reduction scenarios, drivers’ deceleration responses were compared under three PMS operational types: flashing yellow, message display, and combined flashing with a message. Combined flashing with a message yielded the most controlled and pronounced deceleration, thus facilitating drivers in reducing their speed smoothly without abrupt braking or instability. The results collectively demonstrate that a PMS can serve a dual function by supporting both speed recovery under normal conditions and safe deceleration in accident cases. These findings provide empirical evidence of the effectiveness of a PMS as an intelligent tunnel-traffic management system and highlight its potential as a proactive safety technology. Furthermore, this study offers practical insights for future PMS designs as well as operational guidelines for enhancing traffic efficiency and driver safety in tunnel environments.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the educational needs that should be considered in developing a simulation-based program to enhance patient safety competency among nursing students. Methods: The participants included 38 nursing students and 38 practicing nursing professionals. Data were collected from March 5 to 19, 2025, using a structured self-report questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0, employing descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA), and Borich’s needs assessment. Results: A significant difference was observed between the current and required levels of educational needs across all items related to developing a simulation-based program to enhance patient safety competencies among nursing students and professionals. According to the results of the IPA and Borich needs assessment, “Clinical reasoning” and “Medication safety” emerged as the highest priority for nursing students and professionals, respectively. Conclusion: These findings are expected to provide foundational evidence for developing a simulation-based program aimed at enhancing patient safety competencies in nursing students.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a simulation-based Room of Errors patient safety education program on patient safety-related nursing activities and critical reflection competency of new nurses. Method: A randomized controlled pretest–posttest design was used. A total of 63 new nurses participated, with 32 assigned to the experimental group and 31 to the control group. The experimental group received a team-based simulation intervention, with participants collaboratively identifying and addressing patient safety hazards within Room of Errors scenarios. Results: In the experimental group, patient safety-related nursing activity scores increased significantly after the intervention (t = 2.70, p = .011), while the control group showed no significant change (t = 0.23, p = .816). Additionally, critical reflection competency scores improved significantly in the experimental group (t = 3.66, p < .001), with no significant change observed in the control group (t = -0.53, p = .603). The between-group difference in change scores for critical reflection competency was statistically significant (t = 2.77, p = .007). Conclusion: The simulation-based Room of Errors education program effectively enhanced patient safety-related nursing activities and critical reflection competency among new nurses, suggesting its value as a training method for developing essential competencies in clinical practice.

본 연구는 한국의 제품안전인증 제도와 제조물책임법(PL)상 결함 인정 기준을 미국, EU, 일본의 제도와 비교·분석함으로써, 사전 예방적 규제와 사후적 책임체계 간의 구조적 간 극을 규명하였다. 제품안전인증 제도는 최소한의 안전 수준 확보를 위한 사전적 규제수단 으로 작동하는 반면, 제조물책임 제도는 소비자의 합리적 기대 수준을 기준으로 한 사후적 책임체계로 기능한다. 이러한 제도적 이원성은 소비자 보호와 기업 규제이행 간의 균형을 위한 필연적 구조로 이해될 수 있으나, 양 제도 간 연계가 미흡할 경우 소비자 피해 및 기업은 규제와 소송 대응에서 불확실성과 이중 부담에 직면하게 된다. 특히 한국의 경우, 제조물책임 판결 결과가 안전기준의 개정으로 환류되는 절차가 미흡하여 법적 판단과 행정적 규제 간의 정보 연계가 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구는 판례 기반 결함정 보의 체계적 환류 절차 구축의 필요성을 제시하였다. 구체적으로는 (1) 결함 및 판례 데이 터를 통합적으로 수집·관리하는 결함정보 플랫폼 구축, (2) 인증기관 간 정보공유 네트워 크 강화, (3) 기업의 ESG 기반 위험관리체계 고도화를 핵심 과제로 도출하였다. 연구의 주요 시사점으로는 첫째, 위험도 기반의 인증기준 상향조정을 통해 기술 변화와 시장 위험 을 반영해야 하며, 둘째, 리콜 제도의 실효성 강화를 통해 결함 대응의 투명성과 신속성을 확보해야 한다. 셋째, 미국(CPSC·NHTSA), EU(RAPEX), 일본(소비자청) 등 해외 주요국 의 정보공유 및 환류체계를 벤치마킹하여 국제적 표준화 기반을 확립할 필요가 있다. 넷 째, 기업은 ESG 경영 관점에서 자발적 안전기준 강화 및 리스크 커뮤니케이션 체계 구축 을 통해 이해관계자 신뢰를 제고하고, 규제 리스크를 선제적으로 관리해야 한다.

본 연구는 한국과 독일 제조업의 전력소비량과 사고사망만인율 간의 상관관계를 실증적으 로 분석하여 산업안전 패러다임 전환의 필요성을 탐구하였다. 2008~2022년까지의 국가 통계자료를 활용하여 상관분석과 자기회귀 오차모형을 적용한 회귀분석을 수행한 결과, 독일은 전력소비 증가 시 사고사망만인율이 감소한 반면, 한국은 일부 업종에서 증가하는 상반된 경향을 보였다. 회귀분석 결과, 독일 금속 업종은 전력소비 1% 증가 시 사고사망만 인율이 4.5% 감소(β=-4.542, p<0.001)한 반면 한국은 0.4% 증가(β=0.417, p<0.01)하여 정반대 방향을 나타냈다. 이는 독일이 기술투자와 예방 중심의 안전관리체계를 통해 생산 성과 안전의 선순환 구조를 확립한 반면, 한국은 생산 중심 구조와 안전투자 불균형으로 인해 재해 위험이 잔존함을 시사한다. 특히 펄프 업종은 한국(β=0.969, p<0.001)과 독일 (β=11.426, p<0.001) 모두에서 전력소비 증가가 재해율 증가로 이어지는 유일한 업종으로, 업종 고유의 구조적 취약성이 국가와 무관하게 작용함을 확인하였다. 한국 내에서도 화학· 정유 등 대기업 중심 업종은 음의 관계를, 금속·펄프 등 중소기업 중심 업종은 양의 관계를 보여 업종 간 안전 수준의 격차가 크게 나타났다. 연구결과를 바탕으로, 안전을 비용이 아닌 생산성 향상의 핵심요소로 인식하는 지속가능한 안전성장 전략을 제시하였다. 또한 전력소비량을 산업재해 위험의 선행경보 지표로 활용하고, 산업·계층별 맞춤형 예방정책을 강화할 필요성을 강조하였다. 본 연구는 에너지·산업안전·ESG 경영을 통합한 분석틀을 제시함으로써 산업안전 연구의 확장된 방향성을 제시하였다. 본 연구가 향후 정량적 근거 기반의 안전정책 수립과 국제비교 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있기를 기대한다.

In 2015, the safety refresher training system for seafarers was reformed with the aim of strengthening practical skills. However, a failure to forecast demand led to a chronic backlog of trainees. Furthermore, the uniform application of merchant vessel standards (STCW) to fishing vessels (STCW-F) created a qualitative problem, undermining the effectiveness of the education. This study aims to diagnose these issues and propose effective improvement measures. This research employed a mixed-methods approach. First, a comparative analysis was conducted between international conventions (STCW and STCW-F) and domestic regulations, institutional standards, and curricula. Second, an empirical analysis was performed through a survey of 220 merchant and fishing vessel seafarers, which was supplemented by in-depth interviews. The analysis revealed several critical gaps. The domestic legal framework does not distinguish between STCW and STCW-F and the curriculum is heavily biased toward theory, failing to meet international practice-oriented competency standards. The survey and interview results confirmed that the current fits all training is severely misaligned with the operational realities of fishing vessels, which have different equipment and environments. Based on these findings, this study proposes three prolonged improvement plans. First, the curriculum should be dualized to reflect the distinct characteristics of merchant and fishing vessels. Second, a hybrid training model that combines mandatory shore-based training for high-risk drills with flexible onboard training for basic skills should be introduced. Third, facility standards for training institutions should be converted from rigid mandates to flexible guidelines. These measures are expected to resolve the chronic training backlog and enhance the practical emergency response capabilities of all seafarers.

Earthquakes can damage transmission system components, leading to extensive blackouts and disrupting essential societal functions. In urban areas, interruptions in power supply critically impact sectors such as industry, healthcare, and telecommunications, highlighting the need for quantitative and systematic analysis. Most existing research has focused on assessing seismic fragility at the individual facility level, with insufficient probabilistic safety evaluations that consider the connectivity of entire transmission systems. This study aims to quantify the connectivity-based seismic fragility and risk associated with transmission systems in Busan and its neighboring regions, Ulsan and Gyeongnam. To achieve this, a network model of Busan’s transmission system was developed using OpenStreetMap data. Damage probabilities were calculated using seismic fragility curves from HAZUS and reports from the Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Damage state-specific risks were then quantitatively assessed by combining these fragility values with Busan’s seismic hazard curves. The results showed High Confidence and Low Probability of Failure values ranging from 0.049 g (Slight) to 0.273 g (Complete), with median fragility values ranging from 0.143 g (Slight) to 0.605 g (Complete). The annual risk for each damage state was determined to be 4.151×10-4/yr, 1.177×10-4/yr, 3.667×10-5/yr, and 9.391×10-6/yr. This research quantitatively assesses the seismic fragility of Busan’s transmission system, providing a practical basis for disaster response strategies and risk-informed decision-making related to regional electric power infrastructure.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the status of medication errors by nurses using patient safety incident reports and to gain a detailed understanding of nurses' experiences with medication errors. Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was used, combining a retrospective analysis of 204 patient safety incident reports on nurses’ medication errors with a qualitative study that explored the experiences of eight nurses through thematic analysis. Results: Most of the medication errors occurred during day shifts in intensive and trauma intensive care units. Injectable drugs accounted for 37.7% of errors, with dosage errors being most frequent. Although 67.6% of incidents resulted in no adverse effects, 65.7% were classified as adverse events, and 89.2% of predicted outcomes indicated potential physical harm to patients. Qualitative analysis of interviews yielded 36 meaningful statements, organized into 11 sub-themes and 3 main themes: (1) the whirlwind of negative emotions caused by medication errors, (2) obstacles in the clinical environment hindering adherence to medication principles, and (3) insights and reflections gained from medication error experiences. Conclusion: Organizations can prevent medication errors by improving workload distribution, ensuring safe environments, addressing staffing shortages, promoting a patient safety culture, and providing psychological support for affected nurses to improve their mental health and productivity.

해양레저활동은 수상형, 수중형, 일반형(체험활동)으로 구분되는데 우리나라 는 일반시민이 접근하기 용이한 수상레저활0동을 중심으로 활성화되기 시작하 여 수상레저안전법 및 연안사고예방법이 먼저 제정되었고, 활동의 안전관리 및 사고 발생시 신속한 대응을 위해 해양경찰청이 담당하고 있다. 반면, 뒤늦게 제정된 수중레저법은 세월호 사건으로 해양경찰청이 해체됨에 따라 해양수산부가 담당하게 된 결과, 해양공간에서 이뤄지는 레저활동임에도 불구하고 각기 다른 법과 소관부처에서 담당함으로써 수범자들의 혼란과 안전관리 체계의 효 율성이 저하되고 있다. 이에 수상레저안전법의 안전관리 소관부처를 해양경찰 청으로 이관하는 법안이 발의되고 통과됨에 따라 수상레저활동의 안전관리 체 계의 종합적인 검토가 필요하게 되었다. 본 연구는 수중레저법의 안전관리 강화를 위해 세 가지 개선방안을 제시하 였다. 첫째, 연안사고예방법의 적용범위를 명확히 하여 수중레저활동에 적용되 는 법령 적용의 혼선을 해소하는 한편, 수중레저법의 안전기준을 연안체험활동 의 기준으로 상향조정함으로써 적용 법령에 관계없이 동일한 수준의 안전관리 기준이 제도적으로 확보할 것을 제안하였다. 둘째, 활동 전 위험성 평가 및 활 동지 기록·보관 의무를 규정하고 셋째, 운송업자와 교육업자에게 각각 필요한 안전장비 구비 의무를 부여하는 것이 필요하다고 제언하였다.

항공기와 여객선과 같은 대형 여객 운송의 핵심 가치는 안전이며, 안전관리를 위해 국제조약을 기반으로 제정된 규칙에 따라 명시된 인원 이상의 훈련받은 승무원이 탑승해야 하는 공통점을 가지고 있다. 참사로 이어졌던 항공기와 크루즈 여객선 사고사례 분석을 통해 승무원의 역량과 교육 및 매뉴얼 관리가 안전에 지대한 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인하였으며, 사고 이후 관리부서를 일원화하고, 법 조항의 신설 및 강화와 함께 승무원 안전교육의 중요성이 대두되었다. 그러나 사고를 예방하고 비상 상황에 즉각 대응하기 위해서는 안 전교육 과정과 방식의 변화가 필요하며 이를 통해 교육 효과를 높여 승무원이 정확히 대응할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 첫째, 수직 형태의 구 조와 비슷한 공간의 반복, 화재 방지를 위해 닫힌 구조인 여객선의 공간적 특성은 여행객들이 쉽게 탈출하기 어려운 구조다. 따라서 이는 승무원의 공간적 이해의 중요성을 시사하며 탈출 교육에 확대 반영될 필요가 있다. 둘째, 항공기에 비해 승객의 이동 공간이 큰 여객선의 여객선 승무원의 비율을 높여, 안전관리 수행이 가능한 환경을 조성해야 하며 법률로 규제할 필요가 있다. 셋째, VR, 사이버, 메타버스 등 을 활용한 교육방식의 변화를 통해 승무원의 교육 효과를 높이고 실습 중심의 교육이 되어야 한다. 사고 사례분석을 통해 여객선 승무원 교육방식 및 방향 개선에 시사점을 제시했다. 이를 통해 대부분의 안전사고에 원인으로 지목된 인적요인 즉, 승무원의 안전관리 역량의 향상과 함께 대한민국 크루즈사업의 안전성 확보 및 완전한 성장에 기여하려 한다.

본 연구는 상사의 코칭 리더십이 부하 직원의 안전 행동에 미치는 영향을 규 명했다. 이 과정에서 상사-부하 상호관계(LMX)와 부하의 안전 의식을 순차적 으로 매개 역할을 분석했다. 이를 위해 국내 직장인으로 과장급 이하 325명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 상사의 코칭 리더십은 부하의 안전 행동에 직접적이고 긍정 적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 코칭 리더십은 상사-부하 상호관계를 통해 안전 행동 에 긍정적인 간접 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 코칭 리더십은 부하의 안전 의식을 매개로 안전 행동에 긍정적인 간접 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 코칭 리더 십이 상사-부하 상호관계와 부하의 안전 의식을 순차적으로 매개하여 안전 행 동에 유의미한 긍정적 영향을 미친다는 점을 확인했다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 향후 기업 내 리더의 코칭리더십과 코칭역량 강화를 위 한 교육 도입의 필요성과 안전 성과 지표를 설정하는 데 새로운 지표가 될 것으 로 기대한다.

This study aimed to establish an analytical method for the use of Adenophora triphylla and its extract using citric acid as a marker compound. The analysis of A. triphylla and its extract revealed citric acid contents of 671.993 mg/100 g and 433.218 mg/100 g, respectively. The analytical method was validated according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines, and the calibration curve for citric acid standard solution exhibited excellent linearity (R2>0.999). The intra-day and inter-day precision showed low relative standard deviations of 0.564 and 0.809%, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery rate for citric acid ranged from 96.578 to 100.525%, fulfilling the AOAC’s acceptable range, indicating high accuracy. The detection limit for citric acid in this method was 0.002 mg/100 g, and the quantification limit was 0.005 mg/100 g, demonstrating high sensitivity. Additionally, an investigation of potentially harmful compounds in A. triphylla and its extract revealed five compounds that were predicted to be harmful according to the RISCTOX database. However, their actual concentrations were far below the lethal dose 50 (LD50) values, suggesting they are not harmful to the humans. These findings provide foundational data for the quality control of A. triphylla as a food ingredient.