The United States enforces the seafood import regulations so-called the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), and by 2023, all exports of aquatic products and processed fish products by fisheries which have not obtained an “Comparability Finding” from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration will be completely banned. Therefore, to respond to the US MMPA, it is critical to identify technologies and methods used in worldwide for reducing bycatch of marine mammals. In particular, marine mammals are frequently caught in five fisheries (trawl, gill net, trap, stow net and set net) in Korea, which is facing a great challenge. This study presented bycatch reduction methods by five fisheries, classified the methods by country, and suggested appropriate reduction methods which can be applied in Korea.

The swimming behavior of pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) in the offshore sea cage of the brass fishing net was observed and analyzed by imaging sonar techniques. The cultured fish spent most of the time swimming a circular path along the circular cage wall and continued to swim only clockwise direction without completely changing the swimming direction during the 23-hour observation time. In addition, changed swimming behaviors were divided into four categories: (a) the behavior of a large group temporarily swimming in the opposite (counter clockwise) direction, (b) the behavior of a small group temporarily swimming in a small circular path, (c) the behavior swimming small circular path in the center of the cage, and (d) the behavior of a large group swimming across the center of the cage. The maximum swimming speed of the cultured fish was from 3.5 to 3.8 TL/s, the mode was from 1.2 to 1.4 TL/s and the swimming speed during the day time was faster than at night time. It was confirmed the cultured fish swam not only on the surface but also near the bottom net of the cage during the day, but swam mainly at the upper part of the cage at night.

Recently, wideband acoustic technology has been introduced and started to be used in fisheries acoustic surveys in various waters worldwide. Wideband acoustic data provides high vertical resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio and continuous frequency characteristics over a wide frequency range for species identification. In this study, the main characteristics of wideband acoustic systems were elaborated, and a general methodology for wideband acoustic data analysis was presented using data collected in frequency modulation mode for the first time in Republic of Korea. In particular, this study described the data recording method using the mission planner of the wideband autonomous acoustic system, wideband acoustic data signal processing, calibration and the wideband frequency response graph. Since wideband acoustic systems are currently installed on many training and research vessels, it is expected that the results of this study can be used as basic knowledge for fisheries acoustic research using the state-of-the-art system.

In September and October 2020, combined acoustic and trawl surveys were conducted in the northwestern sea of Jeju Island. In the survey area, a region, so called Jeju region, was designated to esimate the biomass of chub mackerel and jack mackerel using a trawl survey method and frequency difference method. In the September survey, the weight ratios of jack mackerel and chub mackerel to the total catch were 24.6% and 2.8%, respectively, and in the October survey, those ratios were 24.9% and 20.7%, which were used to calculate their biomass (trawl survey). Using the frequency difference range (–8 to –3dB) corresponding to two species in 120 and 200 kHz, their biomass was estimated (frequency difference method). As a result, the biomass of two species from the trawl method was 3252.3 tons in September and 5777.0 tons in October. The estimated biomass by the frequency difference method was 4926.6 tons in September and 7521.5 tons in October. It was the first trial to estimate the biomass of two species using the trawl and frequency differencing methods in South Korea although there were some differences between two methods. In addition, horizontal distributions of acoustic backscattering strength over the entire survey area were mapped.

Using environmental DNA (eDNA) in the fisheries and oceanography fields, research on the diversity of biological species, the presence or absence of specific species and quantitative evaluation of species has considerably been performed. Up to date, no study on eDNA has been tried in the area of fisheries acoustics in Korea. In this study, the biomass of a dominant species in the northwestern waters of Jeju Island was examined using 1) the catch ratio of the species from trawl survey results and 2) the ranking ratio of the species from the eDNA results. The dominant species was Zoarces gillii, and its trawl catch ratio was 68.2% and its eDNA ratio was 81.3%. The Zoarces gillii biomass from the two methods was 7199.4 tons (trawl) and 8584.6 tons (eDNA), respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the acoustic backscattering strength values (120 kHz) from the entire survey area were 135.5 and 157.7 m 2 /nm 2 , respectively. The strongest echo signal occurred at latitude 34° and longitude 126°15’ (northwest of Jeju Island). High echo signals were observed in a specific oceanographic feature (salinity range of 32-33 psu and the water temperature range of 19-20℃). This study was a pilot study on evaluating quantitatively aquatic resources by applying the eDNA technique into acoustic-trawl survey method. Points to be considered for high-quality quantitative estimation using the eDNA to fisheries acosutics were discussed.

세친은 『유식삼십송』의 제1게송에서 가설의 ‘아(我)와 법(法)’은 식에 의존하여 전변한다고 선언한다. 제2게송에서 전변하는 식의 이름으로 이숙(異熟)과 사량(思量)과 요별경식(了別境識)을 거명하며 초전변식의 이름으로 아뢰야식, 이숙식, 일체종자식을 나열한다. 이숙은 초전변(初轉變)의 대표 이름으로 설정되며, 제19게송에서 이숙은 업과 2취(二取) 습기에 의해서 유전한다고 밝힌다. 제19게송은 세친이 『유가사지론』의 이숙의 유전설을 요약한 것으로 파악된다. 『유가사지론』은 이숙에 대하여 여러 교문에 의해서 설명한다. 먼저 구유의(俱有依), 등무간의(等無間依), 종자의(種子依)의 관계를 설정하여 5근과 의(意)와 이숙식의 연결을 시도한다. 또한 이숙이 생명을 받는 과정을 아애(我愛), 희론 종자, 업에 의해서 설명하는데, 이는 아집습기와 명언습기와 업습기를 의미한다. 아뢰야식은 초전변식의 자상(自相)에 해당하지만 이숙은 수없이 분별하여 만든 희론의 종자를 원인으로 품으며, 선악 등의 업 세력의 도움을 받으며 4생 6도와 같이 마음의 결과적 산물을 창출한다. 또한 이숙은 과보식의 명칭으로 중유(中有)에서 생유(生有)에 이르게 한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이숙식은 청정한 진여 본성을 지니며 무루업에 의해 전변한다.

본 연구는 장기간의 태권도 수련프로그램과 태권도수련과 복합운동프로그램이 초등학생의 신체구 성과 기초체력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였으며, 연구대상자는 주5회 태권도수련프로그램에 참여한 30명, 태권도수련과 복합운동프로그램에 참여한 30명, 규칙적인 신체활동에 참여하지 않는 30 명을 선정하였다. 자료처리는 IBM SPSS 24.0 통계패키지를 사용하였으며, 기술통계를 산출하였으며, 집단 간 비교를 위해 일원변량분석(one-way ANOVA)를 실시하였다. 통계학적 유의수준은 p<.05로 설정하였다. 본 연구결과는 태권도 수련프로그램에 참여한 초등학생은 신체구성의 키(p<.001), 기초체 력의 근력(p<.001), 근지구력(p<.01)이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 태권도수련과 복합운동프로그램에 참여 한 초등학생은 신체구성의 키(p<.001), 체중(p<.05), 기초체력의 근력(p<.001), 민첩성(p<.05), 평형성 (p<.05)이 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론적으로 규칙적인 신체활동은 초등학생의 신체발달에 효과가 있었 으며, 태권도수련과 복합운동프로그램은 신체의 성장과 기초체력 요인에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났 다.

Various artificial reefs provide the fish habitat and nursery, and contribute the improvement of fisheries productivity. The evaluation methods of fishery resources in the artificial reefs have been done by fishing, scuba diving, underwater camera, and scientific echo sounder/sonar. There are a number of studies using echosounders on the quantitative and qualitative evaluations of artificial reefs in various seas around the world. This study focused on the spatial distribution of fishes around artificial reefs and the influential area of reefs off Bukchon, Jeju Island. Not only acoustic data but also various properties of artificial reefs were used in the geographic information system to extract relevant results. As a result, the major material of reefs on this study site was concrete and the number of reefs with that material was the most. The volume of reefs consisted of steel only and steel with riprap was considerably large compared to other reefs. The average NASC in the vertical distribution of fishes in artificial reefs was 31.6 m2/nm2 in April, and that was 61.3 m2/nm2 in June. The distance between the fish school and their nearest reef in June morning had a wide range from 750 to 3250 m. On the basis of the influence ray of artificial reefs, it had a tendancy of NASC to decrease with distance from the reef in the June morning. It is a preliminary study to present the geospatial analysis example to understand a better way of comprehensive artificial reef environments.

This study was conducted in order to improve opening efficiency of the miniaturized small-scale net for anchovy boat seine gear to reduce the fleet size. Field experiment was performed to observe geometry of nets by catcher boats. When the distance between the two ships was 150, 300 and 450 m and the speed of towing nets was 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 kt, the vertical opening and actual opening of each part of the miniaturized small-scale net was as follows: the front part of the wing net, 6.8-9.5 m, 45-63%; the middle part of the wing net, 16.1-30.7 m, 34-65%; the entrance of the inside wing net, 21.6-41.2 m, 44-84%; the square and bosom, 17.4-34.0 m, 38-75%; the entrance of the body net, 16.5-29.4 m, 36-64%; the entrance of the bag net, 14.5-21.9 m, 70-106%; the flapper, 6.7-7.7 m, 81-83%, and the end of the bag net, 8.6-10.9 m, 64-81%. The tension of towing nets was measured to be 2,734-6,812 kg approximately, which indicates that the fleet can tow nets with 350 hp, the standard engine horse power. The fishing operation time was shortened comparing to existent net with the large-scale buoy attachment operation. It was also possible to operate the ship without fish detecting boat.

Acoustic surveys were conducted in the seas surround the South Korea (South Sea A, South Sea B (waters around the Jeju Island), West Sea and East Sea) in spring and autumn in 2016. First, the vertical and horizontal distributions of fisheries resources animals were examined. In most cases vertical acoustic biomass was high in surface water and mid-water layers other than South Sea A in autumn and West Sea. The highest vertical acoustic biomass showed at the depth of 70-80 m in the South Sea A in spring (274.4 m2/nmi2) and the lowest one was 10-20 m in the West Sea in autumn (0.4 m2/nmi2). With regard to the horizontal distributions of fisheries resources animals, in the South Sea A, the acoustic biomass was high in eastern and central part of the South Sea and the northeast of Jeju Island (505.4-4099.1 m2/nmi2) in spring while it was high in eastern South Sea and the coastal water of Yeosu in autumn (1046.9-2958.3 m2/nmi2). In the South Sea B, the acoustic biomass was occurred high in the southern and western seas of Jeju Island in spring (201.0-1444.9 m2/nmi2) and in the southern of Jeju Island in autumn (203.7-1440.9 m2/nmi2). On the other hand, the West Sea showed very low acoustic biomass in spring (average NASC of 1.1 m2/nmi2), yet high acoustic biomass in the vicinity of 37 N in autumn (562.6-3764.2 m2/nmi2). The East Sea had high acoustic biomass in the coastal seas of Busan, Ulsan and Pohang in spring (258.7~976.4 m2/nmi2) and of Goseong, Gangneung, Donghae, Pohang and Busan in autumn (267.3-1196.3 m2/nmi2). During survey periods, fish schools were observed only in the South Sea A and the East Sea in spring and the West Sea in autumn. Fish schools in the South Sea A in spring were small size (333.2 ± 763.2 m2) but had a strong SV (–49.5 ± 5.3 dB). In the East Sea, fish schools in spring had low SV (–60.5 ± 14.5 dB) yet had large sizes (537.9 ± 1111.5 m2) and were distributed in the deep water depth (83.5 ± 33.5 m). Fish schools in the West Sea in autumn had strong SV (–49.6 ± 7.4 dB) and large sizes (507.1 ± 941.8 m2). It was the first time for three seas surrounded South Korea to be conducted by acoustic surveys to understand the distribution and aggregation characteristics of fisheries resources animals. The results of this study would be beneficially used for planning a future survey combined acoustic method and mid-water trawling, particularly deciding a survey location, a time period, and a targeting water depth.

기세간(器世間)은 자연환경 일반을 의미한다. 이는 중생 각각의 업이 내부로 투영되고 그 공통의 업[共業]이 밖으로 투영되어 받는 세계이다. 우리의 환경을 이루는 결정적 요소이다. 공사상에서 식사상으로 변형시킨 중기대승의 유식불교는 자연환경의 기세간을 마음의 심층내면 의식인 아뢰야식과 깊이 관여되어 있다고 보았다. 유식의 여러 논서들은 기세간의 자연환경을 다양한 방법으로 설명하며, 마음과 관계하는 외연(外緣)의 핵심적 요체로 설명하였다. 그 중심축에 무착의 무수행종자(無受行種子)의 외종자설과 세친의 아뢰야식의 처소(處所) 요별설이 있다. 외부와 결합하는 식(識)의 작용은 유식의 8식설 중 6식과 제 8식의 아뢰야식이라고 할 수 있는데, 그 중 아뢰야식만이 순수하게 자연환경의 기세간을 요별한다. 다시 말해 아뢰야식만이 외부 경계 중 대표적인 자연환경의 기세간을 집지하고 받아들일 수 있다. 자연환경에 대한 수용과 관심은 심층내부의 아뢰야식에게 직접적으로 영향을 주는 절대적 조건인 것이다. 그러므로 심층내면의 아뢰야식을 변화시킬 수 있는 것은 자연환경의 수용에 의한 명상법에서 찾을 수 있으며, 이는 계차별관의 수행법에서 근간의 실례들을 찾을 수 있다.

This study was conducted in order to improve opening efficiency of the miniaturized large-scale net for anchovy boat seine gear to reduce the fleet size. Field experiments were performed to observe geometry of nets by catcher boats. When the distances between the two ships were 150, 300 and 450 m, and the speeds of towing nets were 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 k't, respectively. The vertical opening and actual opening of each part of the miniaturized large-scale net was as follows: the front part of the wing net, 8.7-13.3 m, 51-78%; the middle part of the wing net, 28.1-34.2 m, 55-67%; the entrance of the inside wing net, 31.3-38.5 m, 60-73%; the square and bosom, 22.7-29.6 m, 47-62%; the entrance of the body net, 20.9-26.4 m, 42-52%; the entrance of the bag net, 17.2-21 m, 72-89%; the flapper, 13.2-15.3 m, 78-83%; and the end of the bag net, 13.2-15.7 m, 72-75%. By connecting the net pendants with the front part of the wing net, the opening of the front part of the wing net was significantly improved compared to the traditional gear, which ensured both the wing net and the inside wing net with a normal net height. This, in turn, increased the efficiency of herding. The height of the body and bag nets was also higher than that of the tradition gear. In particular, the body net attached to the gear significantly improved the pocket shape of the gear and reduced the number of fish that were caught and escaped from the bag net, which increased the rate of fishing. The tension of towing nets was measured approximately between 2,958 and 7,110 kg, which indicates that the fleet can tow nets with 350 ps, the standard engine horse power. The fishing operation time was shortened compared with of the existent net, and the large-scale buoy attachment operation was also possible to operate the ship without fish detecting boat.

This study was conducted in order to improve fishing gear for existent net of the anchovy boat seine. Field experiments were performed to observe geometry of nets by catcher boats. When the distances between the two ships were 100, 300, and 500 m, and the speeds of towing nets were 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 k't, respectively. The vertical opening and actual opening of each part of the existent net was as follows: the middle part of the wing net, 12.9-26.6 m, 19-39%; the entrance of the inside wing net, 23.3-35.3 m, 40-60%; the square and bosom, 18.4-24.2 m, 37-49%; the entrance of the bag net, 19.0-23.3 m, 79-96%; the flapper, 13.2-15.3 m, 142-161%; and the end of the bag net, 13.2-15.7 m, 51-61%. The actual net opening of each part of the existent nets used in this study was lower than that of the design net height, due to the low net height of the wing net and the inside wing net, it limited a range of the net height of the square and bosom. The opening of the entrance of the bag net caused the net pocket shape and inflated some parts of the nets. The tension of towing nets was measured between 4.4 and 11.0 tons, and it is necessary to reduce the structure and improve the structure of the bag net.