Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation between emotional intelligence, interpersonal competence, and caring efficacy in nursing students. Method: Data were collected from 227 junior and senior nursing students in May 2017. The study adopted a cross-sectional design. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Collected data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, using SPSS 23.0. Results: Study results revealed positive correlations between emotional intelligence and interpersonal competence (r=.531, p<.001), interpersonal competence and caring efficacy (r=.556, p<.001), emotional intelligence and caring efficacy (r=.570, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that caring efficacy has a positive correlation with emotional intelligence and interpersonal competence. Therefore, it is important for nursing education programs to facilitate the students’emotional intelligence and interpersonal competence for achieving better results in terms of caring efficacy.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bacterial inoculation (Lactobacillus plantarum or combo inoculant mixed with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri) and addition of fibrolytic enzyme on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of whole crop barley (WCB) and triticale (TRT) silage, their ruminal in vitro fermentation, and digestibility. In TRT silage, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.01) decreased NDF content compared to no enzyme addition treatment. Organic acids such as lactate and acetate contents in WCB and TRT silages were significantly (p<0.01) higher compared to those in the control. Particularly, lactate content was the highest in L. plantarum treatment. Fibrolytic enzyme treatment on both silages had relatively higher lactic acid bacteria content, while mold content was lower in both treatments compared to that in the control. In vitro dry matter digestibility was generally improved in WCB silages. It was higher (p<0.01) in TRT with mixed treatment of L. plantarum, L. buchneri, and enzyme compared to others. In vitro ruminal acetate production was relatively higher in treatments with both enzyme and inoculant additions compared to that in the control. Therefore, the quality of silage and rumen fermentation could be improved by inoculants (L. plantarum and L. buchneri) regardless whether whole crop barley (WCB) or triticale (TRT) silage was used. Although it was found that fibrolytic enzyme addition to both silages had various quality and rumen fermentation values, further study is needed

Purpose: This review study aimed to provide an update and overview on the theoretical background to undertaking simulation based education and research for simulation based learning. Methods: This review includes papers and books in regarding to education and nursing education. This article was addressed general learning theories and simulation based teaching strategies based on current learning theories. Results: Simulation-based learning is based on the constructivist learning theory. Current learning theories such as experiential learning theory, transformative learning theory, and situational learning theory are rooted in constructivist learning theory. These theories emphasize the reflection for effective self-directed learning. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the critical reflection was the most important component in effective simulation based learning.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of debriefing learning using peer feedback after blood transfusion nursing simulation practice. Methods: This study is a mixed method research to investigate the effect of debriefing using peer feedback on learning. The subjects of this study were third-year nursing students, and 23 of them were allocated to the control group and 19 to the experimental group. The experimental treatment was performed for about three hours, and the debriefing using peer feedback was not performed with the control group. The effect of the debriefing was measured in terms of the knowledge, attitude, and confidence in the performance with regard to blood transfusion nursing. The qualitative data about cognitive learning experience during the debriefing were analyzed. The quantitative data were analyzed by a t-test, a x² test, and a paired t-test by using IBM Statistics SPSS 19.0 software. Results: The results showed that the knowledge was significantly increased in both the control group and the experimental group (paired t=-6.411, p<.001; paired t=-5.759, p<.001), that the attitude toward the blood transfusion nursing was not significantly changed in both groups (paired t=-0.639, p=.530; paired t=-0.631, p=.536), and that the confidence in the performance was significantly increased in both groups (paired t=-5.124, p<.001; paired t=-4.747, p<.001). The qualitative data analysis of the cognitive learning experience during the debriefing showed that the content was divided into four subjects: “My errors are clearly seen as I reflect on myself,” “I can understand how to say and perform,” “I could make the knowledge my own by reviewing what I have done,” and “I could have see the big picture of nursing skills.” Conclusion:. The results of this study showed that the debriefing using peer feedback after the simulation had the learning effects of repeated learning and experiential learning of specific nursing skill, indicating that it is a useful education tool in nursing education.

본 연구에서는 사진 이미지에 대해 어떠한 감성들이 나타날 수 있는지를 확인하여 이를 구조화할 수 있는 기본 감성 모형을 개발하였다. 그런 다음, 이 모형을 바탕으로 주요한 시각 속성 중 하나인 색의 유무가 감성에 어떠한 영향을 줄 수 있는지에 대해 알아보았다. 연구 1에서는 다양한 기법과 소재가 반영된 사진가들의 사진을 제시하고 각 사진에 대해 감성 반응을 받은 다음 이를 분석하였다. 얻어진 자료를 주축 기법을 이용하여 요인분석한 결과 감성 어휘 변량 중 약 42%를 세 요인만으로 설명할 수 있었다. 세 요인은 각각 긍정적-부정적 인상, 동적-정적 인상, 가벼운-무거운 인상으로 명명되었다. 연구 2에서는 세 요인을 감성 공간의 기본 차원 축으로 삼아 색의 유무가 사진 감성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 대표적인 컬러 사진 90장을 흑백으로 전환하여 컬러와 흑백 각각 90장의 사진 이미지를 자극으로 사용하였으며, 각각의 사진 이미지들이 세 감성 차원들에 대해 평정되었다. 감성 차원별로 색의 유무에 대해 t검증을 실시한 결과, 모든 감성 차원에서 색의 유무에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 흑백으로 전환된 이미지가 더 부정적이고 정적이며 무거운 이미지로 느껴지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 사진 이미지에서 동일한 소재와 동일한 구도라 할지라도 기본적인 시지각 속성의 변화만으로 감성반응에 중요한 차이를 유발할 수 있음을 시사한다.

Background : Aralia continentalis Kitag. (syn. = A. cordata Thunb., Araliaceae) is a traditional medicinal herb spread widely in northeastern Asia, including Korea, China, and Japan. Many constituents from its root extracts, including diterpene and essential oils, have been isolated as active components for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, antifungal, anti-thrombotic, and growth inhibition. In this study, we describe the structural determination of the two new compounds. Materials and Results : The roots of A. continentalis were collected in Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, in March 2018 and identified by one of the authors (Dr. S. S. Hong). The roots of A. continentalis were extracted with 70% EtOH two times at room temperature. The concentrated residue was subsequently suspended in H2O and partitioned with n-hexane, CH2Cl2, EtOAc and n-BuOH. The n-hexane, CH2Cl2, and EtOAc layer were subjected to sequential column chromatography over silica-gel, RP-18, MPLC and preparative HPLC to isolated the compounds 1 - 30. Consequently, a new nor-ent-pimaran diterpenoid (11) and a new 8-O-4′ type neolignan (25) along with 28 known compounds that included diterpenoids, phenolic derivates, and polyacetylenes have been isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots of A. continentalis. The structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic data interpretation, particularly HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR data including HSQC and HMBC. Also, those of the known compounds were identified by spectral comparison with those of the reported values. Conclusion : The structures of two new compounds were determined as 18-nor-ent-pimara-9 (11),15-diene-4β-ol (11) and 8-O-4-dehydrocoumaroyl-ferulic acid (25). To our knowledge, compounds 10, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22 – 24, and 26 were isolated and identified from Aralia genus for the first time.

본 연구에서는 다양한 식품유해미생물에 대한 길항작용 및 항산화활성이 우수한 B. subtilis SRCM102046 균주를 식품보존 소재로서 이용하기 위해 반응표면분석법을 이용하여 균체 증량을 통한 항균활성 및 항산화활성 증대를 도모하고자 하였다. SRCM102046의 산업적 활용을 위한 성장조건을 최적화하기 위해 배양시간에 따른 균체 성장을 조사하였으며, 통계학적 기법인 반응표면분석법을 사용하였다. SRCM102046의 최적 성장을 위한 배지 성분을 선별하기 위해 Plackett-Burman design을 이용하였으며, PBD 결과 선별된 배지 성분으로 molasses, sucrose, peptone으로 예측되었다. 각 배지 성분의 최적농도를 결정하기 위한 방법으로 central composite design을 이용하였으며, 최종적으로 예측된 각 배지 성분의 농도는 molasses 7 g/L, sucrose 7 g/L, peptone 2 g/L로 예측되었다. 이때의 균체량은 22.03±1.30 g/L로 예측되었으며, 통계분석을 통해 실험모델의 적합성을 확인하였다. 또한, 실험 모델을 수행하여 건조균체량을 측정한 결과 22.02±0.35 g/L로 측정되어 실험모델에 의해 예측된 값이 오차범위 내에 존재하여 모델의 신뢰성이 매우 높음을 확인하였으며, 이는 실험모델에 의해 예측된 최적배지 사용시 최적화 이전의 LB 배지에서의 균체량(2.47±0.03 g/L)대비 약 9배의 균체량이 증가함을 확인하였다. 또한 최적배지에서 B. subtilis SRCM102046 배양 시 항균활성은 대조구로 사용된 LB 배지에서의 항균활성 대비 최대 140% 향상되었으며, 항산화활성은 약 100.41% 증가함을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 식품보존제로서B. subtilis SRCM102046의 산업화를 위한 배지최적화를 수행하였으며, 추후 박테리오신의 정제 및 특성 등에 대한 세부적인 연구가 필요하지만 본 연구를 통해 확립된 배양조건을 기반으로 식품보존 소재의 측면에서 매우 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 천연물질에서 유래한 반추위 메탄저감용 친환경 첨가제 개발을 위해 각기 다른 종균을 이용하여 발효한 세신 추출물의 항균활성, 항산화활성 및 in vitro 반추위 발효시험을 체계적으로 실시하였다. 접종된 균주들의 성장효율을 알아보기 위해 실시한 생균수측정 결과 L. curvatus NJ40 균주에서 유의적으로 높은 균주성장을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 항균활성측정 결과는 대조구 대비 L. curvatus NJ40 및 L. plantarum NJ45 균주와 발효된 세신 추출물이 병원균에 대한 항균효과를 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. In vitro 반추위 발효실험에 세신 및 발효 세신 추출물을 적용한 결과, 휘발성 지방산 생성량 대비 반추위 메탄 저감효과가 나타났다. 특히 반추위 미생물 활력 및 사료이용 효율을 대표할 수 있는 휘발성 지방산 생성효율에 대한 부정적 효과 없이, 오히려 휘발성지방산 생성효율을 향상시키면서 반추위 메탄 저감효과를 가져올 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.