The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bacterial inoculation (Lactobacillus plantarum or combo inoculant mixed with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri) and addition of fibrolytic enzyme on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of whole crop barley (WCB) and triticale (TRT) silage, their ruminal in vitro fermentation, and digestibility. In TRT silage, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.01) decreased NDF content compared to no enzyme addition treatment. Organic acids such as lactate and acetate contents in WCB and TRT silages were significantly (p<0.01) higher compared to those in the control. Particularly, lactate content was the highest in L. plantarum treatment. Fibrolytic enzyme treatment on both silages had relatively higher lactic acid bacteria content, while mold content was lower in both treatments compared to that in the control. In vitro dry matter digestibility was generally improved in WCB silages. It was higher (p<0.01) in TRT with mixed treatment of L. plantarum, L. buchneri, and enzyme compared to others. In vitro ruminal acetate production was relatively higher in treatments with both enzyme and inoculant additions compared to that in the control. Therefore, the quality of silage and rumen fermentation could be improved by inoculants (L. plantarum and L. buchneri) regardless whether whole crop barley (WCB) or triticale (TRT) silage was used. Although it was found that fibrolytic enzyme addition to both silages had various quality and rumen fermentation values, further study is needed

본 연구에서는 메타분석을 통하여 heterofermentative과 homofermentative LAB가 사일리지의 품질과 호기적 안정성에 대한 효과를 분석하였다. 일련의 분석결과 접종균으로 사용된 젖산균의 종류에 따라서 사일리지의 품질이 다르게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 호기적 안정성에 있어서 heterofermentative LAB의 사용이 매우 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과는 사일리지의 제조 목적 및 사용방법에 따라서 접종균주를 다르게 선발하여야 하며, 사용방법에 따라서 사일리지 내 유기산 조성을 변화시킬 수 있는 발효조건이 필요함을 시사하고 있고, 또한 보다 정밀한 사일리지 발효기술에 대한 기초자료를 제공한다.

유기 축산을 위한 여름철 사료작물인 수수 수단그라스교잡종은 생산성이 높고, 잡초발생이 미미하며, 병충해에 의한 피해도 작아서 무농약 재배에 적합하다. 그러나 수수 수단그라스 교잡종은 당 함량이 부족하고, 수분 함량이 높아서 낙산발효로 인해 사일리지 품질에 문제가 있다. 최근 육성된 BMR (Brown Mid Rib) 품종은 줄기 내 당도가 높게 개발되었다. 따라서 본 시험은 기존의 수수 수단교잡종과 BMR 수수 수단교잡종을 재배하여 사일리지로 제조하고, 수분 조절 및 영양소 보충을 위해 파옥쇄를 첨가하여 사일리지의 품질변화를 관찰하였다. 수수 수단교잡종과 BMR 수수 수단교잡종 사이에 생육특성 및 생산성은 차이가 없었으나 줄기내 당 함량은 BMR 품종이 약 2B˚ 정도 높은 경향을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 유기산 중 lactic acid의 비율은 대조구(SX17품종)의 78.5%에 비해 BMR 품종은 82.8%로 유의적으로(p<0.05)에 높았고, butyric acid의 비율은 대조구(SX17품종)의 18.5%에 비해 BMR 품종은 9.8%로 유의적으로(p<0.05)에 낮아서 BMR 품종을 사용할 경우 품질이 크게 개선되었다. 파옥쇄 첨가시 첨가수준간에는 NDF 및 ADF 함량은 대조구(SX17) 품종과 BMR 품종(Diamond BMR) 모두 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). TDN 함량 역시 대조구(SX17) 품종의 56.2와 BMR 품종(Diamond BMR)의 57.1간에는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 그러나 파옥쇄 첨가시에는 대조구(SX17) 품종과 BMR 품종(Diamond BMR) 모두에서 파옥쇄의 첨가수준에 따라 TDN 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05).

본 연구는 사일리지 발효 특성에 있어 미생물제제와 유기산제제의 처리효과를 분석하고 비교하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 사일리지 pH, 젖산, 초산, L/A비율, 프로피온산, 낙산, WSC, CP, NH3-N, NDF 및 ADF 등을 발효 특성 항목으로 조사하였고, 메타분석기술을 이용하여 분석을 수행하였다. 총 14편의 연구논문들을 분석에 사용하였다. 미생물제제 처리는 대조구에 비하여 pH, 젖산, 초산, L/A 비율, 프로피온산 및 ADF 함량 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.01). 이와는 반대로 낙산, WSC, CP, NH3-N 및 NDF는 대조구에 비하여 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 유기산제제의 처리는 ADF 결과를 제외하고 모든 조사 항목에서 대조구에 비해 처리구에서 높은 결과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 미생물제제와 유기산제제의 처리효과 비교에서 유의적인 차이는 낙산, WSC, CP 및 NH3-N에서 나타났고(p<0.05), 미생물제제 처리가 유기산제제 처리에 비하여 낙산, WSC, CP 및 NH3-N 함량을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05).

본 연구에서는 양질 조사료의 급여가 한우비육우의 사양성적, 육생산성 및 육질에 미치는 효과를 메타분석기법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 효과분석은 국내에서 수행된 논문들을 대상으로 총 5편의 연구논문들을 인용하였다. 양질조사료를 급여한 시험구를 처리구로 하고 볏짚을 급여한 시험구를 대조구로하여 처리구 결과와 대조구 결과의 평균차를 이용하여 효과의크기를 분석하였고, 요약효과는 임의효과모형을 이용하여 산출하였다. 그 결과, 사양성적에대한 정의효과는 사료섭취량, 일당증체량, 종료체중 및 사료효율 모두에서 나타났으며, 유의성은 일당 증체량에서만 발견되었다. 육생산량에 대한 정의효과는 도체중, 배측최장근 면적및 생산성 지수에서 나타났고, 등지방두께에서는 부의효과가 나타났다. 유의성은 도체중과배최장근 면적에서만 나타났다. 육질에 대한정의효과는 marbling score와 지방색에서 정의효과가 나타났으며, 육색은 부의효과가 나타났으나 유의적 효과는 발견되지 않았다.

본 연구는 반추동물의 조사료 자원으로서 거대억새를 개발하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 우리나라에서 새롭게 개발된 품종인 거대억새 1호를 완숙기 이후에 채취하여 in vitro 반추위 발효를 이용해반추위내 pH, 암모니아태 질소, 가스발생량, 휘발성 지방산 생성량 및 건물소화율을 조사하였으며,볏짚과 비교하여 평가하였다. 거대억새는 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 반추위내 pH를 나타내었다(p<0.01). 암모니아태 질소의 경우 배양 12시간 이후에는 두 처리구간의 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다 (p>0.05). 배양 6시간 이후 부터는 거대억새의 가스발생량이 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 휘발성 지방산 생성량에 있어 acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate 및 총생상량에서 볏짚이 거대억새보다 높게 나타났다. 그러나 iso-butyrate와 iso-valerate에서는 두 조사료원별 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 건물소화율에 있어 배양 12~24시간 사이의 거대억새 소화율이 볏짚에 비하여 유의적으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 거대억새의 이용성은 볏짚의 약 80% 수준인 것으로 나타났다.

The present study hypothesized that ratio between carcass traits components could be applied for the understanding of yield index in Hanwoo steer. A thousand data was generated based on average carcass weight (CW), loin area (LA) and backfat thickness (BT) of Hanwoo steer in December 2018 for analysis 1. Then yield index (YI) was calculated using newly established yield index equation. The correlation between yield index and each carcass traits was visualized. In the interaction between carcass traits components (LA, CW, BT) and YI, only the interactions including BT showed a regular pattern to YI. Then changes of YI according to ratio of carcass traits components were investigated. The observed interactions between LABT and CWBT were similar with Monod equation model. The changes of YI to LABT and CWBT were fitted to Monod equation, and yield constants (K1 for LABT; K2, CWBT) of each equation were calculated as 0.47 and 2.20, respectively. Carcass traits from 5 commercial Hanwoo steer farm were then employed in the second analysis. Yield constants of each farm were estimated. In estimation, R2 value for K1 (LABT) showed greater than the K2 (CWBT). Finally, each farm was plotted based on their K1 and K2 values and it was found that greater yield index of Hanwoo steer was found as increased K1 and K2. As conclusion, the present study suggested the possibility of K1 and K2 values for understanding of yield grade equation and their application in the evaluation of new model for yield grade estimation and feeding strategy.

Total mixed ration (TMR) including concentrate diet and roughage together have been used for the ruminant animal. Relatively high concentrations of moisture and water soluble carbohydrate are representative feature of TMR. Those moisture and water can also provide a niche for bacterial growth. Therefore, a possible fermentation of TMR induced by micro-organism is generally accepted. The present study hypothesized that different lactic acid bacteria could alter fermentation of TMR and subsequently rumen fermentation. Three lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei (A), L. plantarum (B) and L. parabuchneri (C), were employed and 7 treatments under full factorial design were compared with control without inoculation. TMR for dairy cow was used. Significant alterations by treatments were detected at lactic acid and butyric acid contents in TMR (p<0.05). Treatment AC (mixture of A and C) and BC (mixture of B and C) showed great lactate production. Great butyrate production was found at treatment C. At in vitro rumen fermentation, treatments B, C and AB (mixture of A and B) showed significantly great total gas production (p<0.05). All treatments except treatments B and AB, showed less dry matter digestibility, significantly (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid production at treatment AC was significantly greater than others (p<0.05). In individual volatile fatty acid production, treatment AB and AC showed great acetate and propionate productions, significantly (p<0.05). This study investigated correlation between organic acid production in TMR and rumen volatile fatty acid production. And it was found that butyric acid in TMR had significant negative correlation with acetate, propionate, total volatile fatty acid, AP ratio and dry matter digestibility.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary formulated feed additive on growth performance and carcass traits of Hanwoo steers. A formulated feed additive reported to reduce heat load in the rumen in our previous research was used (Cho et al., 2014). Total 32 herds of Hanwoo steers were assigned into two groups of control and treatment. Total mixed ration was provided as basal diet for cattle and 100 g of additive was supplemented on diet for treatment. Feeding trial was performed during 120 days before slaughter. For growth performance, 3 periods (0~90 days; 90~120 days; 0~120 days) were allotted and average daily gain, feed requirement and final body weight were determined. Loin meat between 12th and 13th rib was used for meat quality analysis after slaughtering. Only 1st period showed significantly improved growth performance of treatment (P<0.05) and there were no significant difference in other periods. At 3rd periods (overall), a trend of increased average daily gain was found at treatment (P=0.075). Carcass performance and quality did not show significant differences between treatment and control (P>0.05). In meat quality, treatment showed significant increment in all measured meat colors (P<0.05) and significantly less sharing force compared to the control (P<0.05). Although no significant difference in growth performance and carcass yield were found, remarkably improved economic status was detected in treatment group. In conclusion, it could be suggested that application of a formulated feed additive specialized in reduction of heat load in the rumen was able to increase economical balance through enhancing heat stress condition of ruminant and growth.

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro greenhouse gas mitigation activities of fermented Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract. Seven starter cultures were used, comprising four of lactic acid bacteria and three of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ten grams of S. baicalensis Georgi powder was diluted in 90 mL autoclaved MRS broth. Each seed culture was inoculated with 3-10% (v/v) S. baicalensis Georgi MRS broth and incubated at 30℃ for 48 h. Among the starter cultures used, only Lactobacillus plantarum EJ43 could withstand the fermentation conditions. This fermentation broth was dried and extracted with ethanol to assess its antibacterial, antioxidant, and in vitro methane mitigation activities. The extract of S. baicalensis Georgi fermented by L. plantarum EJ43 (SBLp) showed higher antibacterial activity (bigger clear zone) compared to the unfermented S. baicalensis Georgi extract (SB0). SBLp also presented 1.2 folds higher antioxidant activity than SB0. During in vitro rumen fermentation, SBLp showed reduction in methane production compared to SB0 or the control. In conclusion, fermentation by L. plantarum EJ43 may enhance antibacterial and antioxidant activities of S. baicalensis Georgi and decrease enteric methane production.

This study investigated the effect of coated feed using mixed oil on rumen fermentation characteristics. Two experiments were conducted based on materials that were mixed. First, cashew nut and soybean oils were mixed with white mineral oil. And second, different plant extracts were mixed with white mineral oil. At first experiment, inclusion levels of mixed oil on diet (0.03%, 0.1%, 0.5%) were applied as variables. A coated diet was fermented with rumen inoculum according to in vitro rumen fermentation and its parameters were investigated. In the result of first experiment, no negative effects on rumen pH were found. Significantly decreased dry matter digestibility was detected at 0.5% treatment (P<0.05). Total gas productions in control and 0.03% were significantly greater than those of others (P<0.05). Significantly reduced methane productions were found in all treatments compared to the control (P<0.05). Inclusion of mixed oil did not affect on ammonia production. Total volatile fatty acid production was also not influenced by coating with mixed oils. Rumen fermentation parameters were greatly changed according to introduced plant extracts at second experiment. The significantly lowest and greatest ammonia productions were found at treatments with Ixeris dentata and Plantago asiatica, respectively (P<0.05). The significantly greatest acetate and propionate productions were detected at treatments with Crucuma longa and Zizyphus vulgaris 1, respectively (P<0.05). All treatments, except Chrysanthemum idicum, Euyale ferox seed, Moringa leaf and fruit and Zizyphus vulgaris 1, showed significantly increased total volatile fatty acid production compared to the control (P<0.05). Only Paeonia lactiflora showed significantly lesser gas production than the control (P<0.05). In methane production, Ceramium, Zizyphus, Paeonia, Agrimonia, Torilis, Mugwort, Foeniculum, Euphorbia, Taraxacum, Artemisia, Momordica, Curcuma and Moringa reduced methane significantly compared to the control (P<0.05).

본 연구는 반추위 메탄저감용 약용식물 첨가제 개발을 위해 유산균을 이용하여 발효한 두충 및 감초 추출물의 항균활성, 항산화활성 및 in vitro 반추위 발효시험을 실시하였다. 발효 약용식물 추출물 제조를 위해 접종된 종균의 성장효율을 조사하기 위해 실시한 생균수 측정 결과 L. curvatus NJ40, L. brevis NJ42 및 L. plantarum NJ45가 두충과 감초 모두에서 유의적으로 높은 균주 성장을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 항균활성측정 결과는 두충과 감초 추출물에서 공통적으로 L. curvatus NJ40 및 L. plantarum NJ45 로 발효한 추출물이 일부 병원균에 대한 항균효과를 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. In vitro 반추위 발효시험에서 두충 및 감초 발효 추출물을 적용한 결과, 감초 추출물에서 메탄 저감효과가 나타났다. 특히 반추위내 미생물 발효 특성을 대표할 수 있는 휘발성지방산 생성효율을 향상 시키면서, 전반적 반추위 발효에 부정적 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 천연물질에서 유래한 반추위 메탄저감용 친환경 첨가제 개발을 위해 각기 다른 종균을 이용하여 발효한 세신 추출물의 항균활성, 항산화활성 및 in vitro 반추위 발효시험을 체계적으로 실시하였다. 접종된 균주들의 성장효율을 알아보기 위해 실시한 생균수측정 결과 L. curvatus NJ40 균주에서 유의적으로 높은 균주성장을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 항균활성측정 결과는 대조구 대비 L. curvatus NJ40 및 L. plantarum NJ45 균주와 발효된 세신 추출물이 병원균에 대한 항균효과를 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. In vitro 반추위 발효실험에 세신 및 발효 세신 추출물을 적용한 결과, 휘발성 지방산 생성량 대비 반추위 메탄 저감효과가 나타났다. 특히 반추위 미생물 활력 및 사료이용 효율을 대표할 수 있는 휘발성 지방산 생성효율에 대한 부정적 효과 없이, 오히려 휘발성지방산 생성효율을 향상시키면서 반추위 메탄 저감효과를 가져올 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.