This study examined the influence of multiple factors—particularly occupant presence and air purifier operation—on indoor PM2.5 concentrations across 104 households in the Seoul metropolitan area. Both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were continuously monitored and integrated with time-specific survey data to analyze spatial and temporal patterns of indoor exposure. Results showed that occupant presence significantly elevated indoor PM2.5 concentrations, especially during periods of high activity (08:00~15:00 and 18:00~20:00). The indoor/outdoor (I/ O) concentration ratio was also significantly higher during these periods, indicating that occupant activities were a major contributor to indoor PM2.5 concentrations. Air purifier use was found to be associated with a consistent reduction in indoor PM2.5 concentrations, regardless of occupancy status. Notably, the I/O ratio also decreased when air purifiers were in operation, demonstrating their effectiveness in controlling both indoor emissions and the infiltration of outdoor pollutants. These findings provide empirical evidence of the multifactorial dynamics governing indoor PM2.5 exposure and highlight the importance of occupant-centered and time-specific strategies for effective residential air quality management.

This study aims to examine the validity of current environmental safety standards and propose necessary improvements to minimize health risks posed by heavy metals in children’s activity zones. Compared to adults, children are more vulnerable to hazardous substances, and exposure to heavy metals can severely impact their neurological development and physical growth. In Korea, the amendment of the Enforcement Rules of the Environmental Health Act (Annex 4-20) in July 2021 reduced the acceptable threshold for lead (Pb) in paints and finishing materials used in children’s activity zones. However, regulatory standards for other heavy metals remain insufficient. Therefore, this research investigates and analyzes both domestic and international standards for heavy metals in commonly used materials such as wallpaper, flooring, finishing materials, and paints. This paper proposes guidelines for improving current regulatory criteria based on scientific validity and potential exposure. The findings are expected to serve as foundational data for advancing proactive environmental safety management strategies to better protect children’s health.

This study investigated the characteristics of personal PM2.5 exposure among 109 participants residing in Seoul over a two-month period, from February 2024 to April 2024. The participants were categorized into four sub-populations, and personal exposure to PM2.5 was assessed using portable monitors, GPS, and time-activity diaries. To understand the time-activity patterns, the daily occupancy rate for different microenvironments was calculated. Additionally, daily PM2.5 exposure contribution and integrated exposure were quantified. A time series analysis was conducted to identify differences in time-activity patterns and PM2.5 exposure among the sub-populations. ANOVA analysis indicated statistically significant differences in PM2.5 concentrations across populations and microenvironments (p<0.05). However, post-hoc analysis revealed specific microenvironments within certain sub-populations where PM2.5 concentration differences were not significant (p>0.05). All sub-populations spent more than 90% of their time indoors, and the results for exposure contribution and integrated exposure indicated that the home, which had the highest occupancy rate, was the most significant contributor to PM2.5 exposure. This study is expected to serve as foundational data for future indoor air quality management and the development of personalized strategies for reducing PM2.5 exposure.

This study evaluated the importance of assessing personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by monitoring indoor, outdoor, and personal VOC levels in 15 Seoul residents over a 3-month period using passive samplers. Results indicated that limonene had the highest concentrations across indoor, outdoor, and personal samples, with this compound primarily originating from household cleaners and air fresheners. Other VOCs, such as 2-butanone and toluene, also varied by location. Health risk assessments showed that most VOCs had a Hazard Index (HI) below 1, while the HI of individual exposures were relatively higher. Notably, cancer risk assessments for chloroform and ethylbenzene exceeded permissible levels in some scenarios, suggesting potential cancer risks. This underscores the importance of diverse microenvironment monitoring for accurate health risk evaluations, as relying solely on indoor and outdoor levels can underestimate actual exposure risks. This study highlights the need for future research to monitor VOC levels in various microenvironments, in addition to the necessity of investigating personal activity patterns in depth to accurately assess personal exposure levels. Such an approach is crucial for precise health risk assessments, and it provides valuable foundational data for evaluating personal VOC exposures.

This study investigated the antioxidant activities of wine made with aronia (Aronia melanocarpa). The ethanol concentration of the aronia wine was increased up to 7.8±0.1% on the 8th day of fermentation. Compared to other types of wine, the total amount of organic acids was highest in raspberry wine, followed by grape wine, arona wine, and aronia juice. Because, acetic, oxalic, and succinic acids were not detected in the aronia juice, but were detected in the aronia wine, it was determined that they were produced during alcohol fermentation. The polyphenol content in the aronia juice and wine was higher than in the grape wine and raspberry wine and was twice as much in the aroni wine than in the aronia juice. The flavonoid content in aronia juice and wine was higher than in commercial grape wine and raspberry wine. The DPPH radical scavenging ability was higher than 50% in the aronia wine and juice samples. ABTS radical scavenging activity was higher in aronia juice and wine than in raspberry wine and grape wine. The results of this study suggest that the development of wine with high antioxidant activity is possible if wine is made with aronia.

Particulate matter is known to have adverse effects on health, making it crucial to accurately gauge its concentration levels. While the recent advent of low-cost air sensors has enabled real-time measurement of particulate matter, discrepancies in concentrations can arise depending on the sensor used, the measuring environment, and the manufacturer. In light of this, we aimed to propose a method to calibrate measurements between low-cost air sensor devices. In our study, we introduced decision tree techniques, commonly used in machine learning for classification and regression problems, to categorize particulate matter concentration intervals. For each interval, both univariate and multivariate multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to derive calibration equations. The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 measured indoors and outdoors with two types of LCS equipment and the GRIMM 11-A device were compared and analyzed, confirming the necessity for distinguishing between indoor and outdoor spaces and categorizing concentration intervals. Furthermore, the decision tree calibration method showed greater accuracy than traditional methods. On the other hand, during univariate regression analysis, the proportion exceeding a PM2.5/PM10 ratio of 1 was significantly high. However, using multivariate regression analysis, the exceedance rate decreased to 79.1% for IAQ-C7 and 89.3% for PMM-130, demonstrating that calibration through multivariate regression analysis considering both PM10 and PM2.5 is more effective. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the accurate calibration of particulate matter measurements and have showcased the potential for scientifically and rationally calibrating data using machine learning.

As markets and industries continue to evolve rapidly, technology opportunity discovery (TOD) has become critical to a firm's survival. From a common consensus that TOD based on a firm’s capabilities is a valuable method for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and reduces the risk of failure in technology development, studies for TOD based on a firm’s capabilities have been actively conducted. However, previous studies mainly focused on a firm's technological capabilities and rarely on business capabilities. Since discovered technologies can create market value when utilized in a firm's business, a firm’s current business capabilities should be considered in discovering technology opportunities. In this context, this study proposes a TOD method that considers both a firm's business and technological capabilities. To this end, this study uses patent data, which represents the firm's technological capabilities, and trademark data, which represents the firm's business capabilities. The proposed method comprises four steps: 1) Constructing firm technology and business capability matrices using patent classification codes and trademark similarity group codes; 2) Transforming the capability matrices to preference matrices using the fuzzy function; 3) Identifying a target firm’s candidate technology opportunities using the collaborative filtering algorithm; 4) Recommending technology opportunities using a portfolio map constructed based on technology similarity and applicability indices. A case study is conducted on a security firm to determine the validity of the proposed method. The proposed method can assist SMEs that face resource constraints in identifying technology opportunities. Further, it can be used by firms that do not possess patents since the proposed method uncovers technology opportunities based on business capabilities.

In this study, 30 kinds of long-term and mature Korean soy sauce were collected and classified by the fermentation period, and the components related to taste and sensory characteristics were analyzed. A total of 4 kinds of organic acids were detected. The total organic acid content was in the range of 97.2~341.6 mg%, but did not show the tendency to increase or decrease in proportion to the aging period. The total free amino acid content was within the range of 3,001.0~3,834.7 mg% and showed a tendency to increase in proportion to the ripening period of the soy sauce. The contents of aspartic acid and glutamic acid subsequently increased in the long-term matured soy sauce. The ratio of essential amino acid to total amino acid was 31.6~35.7%, and the ratio of glutamic acid to total amino acid was 19.6~23.9%, respectively. The panel of 20~29-year-old indicated that the longer the aging period of soy sauce, the lower the preference while the panel of 30 or more years indicated that the longer the aging period of soy sauce, the higher the preference. This study was the first to investigate the quality of long-term matured soy sauce in more than one year.

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in flavor components of cheonggugjang prepared with hazelnut. Amino nitrogen content in cheonggukjang was significantly lower in the 30~40% hazelnut group compared to the control group. The volatile basic nitrogen of hazelnut added cheongkukjang showed a similar pattern to that of amino nitrogen. The number of B. subtilis was slightly increased in relation to the amount of hazelnut added, but there was no significant difference. The content of glucose increased proportionally with increasing hazelnut. Total amino acid content decreased with increasing hazelnut. The ratio of glutamic acid to total free amino acids increased with increasing hazelnut. Oleic acid content increased proportionally with increasing hazelnut, while linoleic acid content decreased. In conclusion, the addition of hazelnut may contribute to the quality diversification of cheonggukjang by changing the taste and flavor while maintaining the amino nitrogen content of cheonggukjang.

본 연구에서는 활용도가 낮은 식자원의 부가가치 부여라는 목적으로 연구를 진행하였다. 0, 2, 4, 6 및 8%로 비지첨가량을 달리하여 제조한 국수의 수분 결합력, 색도, 국수의 표면 구조 및 물성실험을 진행하여 비지 첨가 국수의 제면특성을 확인하였다. 수분 결합력은 비지 분말의 첨가에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다. 국수의 명도(L)는 비지 분말의 농도가 증가함에 따라 유의적인 감소패턴을 보였으며, 적색도(a)와 황색도(b)는 유의적 변화가 없었다. 표면의 미세구조를 확인한 결과, 비지 분말의 농도가 증가함에 따른 공극의 특이적인 변화 확인할 수 없었다. 조리 전 생면의 물성을 확인한 결과, 경도, 부착성, 탄력성, 점착성 및 씹힘성은 비지 분말이 첨가함에 따라 상승하는 경향을 나타낸 반면, 응집성은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 조리면의 경우, 경도, 탄력성 및 부착성은 비지분말 첨가에 따른 상승경향을 나타낸 반면, 응집성은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 점착성과 씹힘성은 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이러한 제면특성을 종합 판단하여 국수의 제조시 비지분말의 첨가는 4%가 가장 좋은 것으로 판단되었다.

소백산국립공원에서는 멸종위기종복원사업의 하나인 여우 복원사업을 진행중이다. 멸종위기종 복원을 진행함에 있어 안전한 서식지 제공은 복원종의 정착화에 가장 중요한 요수중에 하나이다. 그러나 농업을 기반으로 생활하는 주민들은 야생동물로 인한 농산물 피해를 방지하기 위해 올무, 창애와 같은 불법엽구를 이용하여 과수원이나 밭을 침해하는 야생동물을 차단하고 있다. 이 이유로 농작물에 피해를 주는 유해조수 뿐만 아니라 다른 멸종위기종에게 까지 영향을 미치고 있다. 소백산국립공원에서 복원중인 여우의 생태적 특성 상 민가와 농작지 주변에 활동하고 중소형동물로 올무와 창애에 피해를 입을 확률이 더 크다. 실제로 2012년 방사 이후 3개 체가 불법엽구로 인해 폐사 하였으며 7개체는 다리 절단 등의 이유로 회수된 상태이다. 야생동물에게 서식지는 먹이 활동, 교미, 출산, 양육 등 생활사를 유지하는데 필수적인 요소로 특히나 멸종위기종 복원에 있어 서식지 안정화는 1차적으로 고려되어야 하는 요소중의 하나이다. 따라서 본 연구는 멸종위기종 1급인 여우의 복원대상지인 소백산국립공원 지역의 불법엽구 수거 실적을 이용하여 공간분석을 통해 불법엽구 설치 유형을 도출하고 이에 따른 관리방안을 제시하고자 한다. 분석방법은 2016년부터 2018년까지 소백산국립공원인 접지역에서 수거한 불법엽구 설치 좌표 112개를 이용하여 설치지점의 고도, 경사, 농경지(논, 밭, 과수원)로 부터의 거리, 주거지로 부터의 거리, 도로와의 거리, 토지이용현황 등 총 6가지 환경인자를 이용하여 불법엽구 설치 유형을 도출 하였다. 분석결과 불법엽구가 설치된 지점의 평균고도는 348.4m로 나타났으며 경사는 평균 16.2°, 농경지로 부터의 거리는 평균 109m, 주거지로 부터의 거리는 192m, 도로와의 거리 114m로 나타났으며 불법엽구가 설치된 지점의 토지이용현황은 침엽수림이 44%로 가장 높았으며 과수원 31.25%, 혼효림 11%, 밭 5%, 교통시설 4.4% 등으로 분석되었다. 위 분석결과를 바탕으로 차후 위험지역 설정 및 설치 예상지역을 도출하여 불법엽구 근절을 위한 현수막과 홍보 활동을 통해 주민의식을 계도하고 환경청, 지차체, NGO, 지역주민 등 유관기관과 연계하여 대대적인 불법엽구 수거를 통해 밀렵에 의한 피해를 방지하여야 할 것이다.

This study examines earthquake-induced sloshing effects on liquid storage tanks using computation fluid dynamics. To achieve this goal, this study selects an existing square steel tank tested by Seismic Simulation Test Center at Pusan National University as a case study. The model validation was firstly performed through the comparison of shaking table test data and simulated results for the water tank subjected to a harmonic excitation. For a realistic estimation of the wall pressure response of the water tank, three recorded earthquakes with similar peak ground acceleration are applied:1940 El Centro earthquake, 2016 Gyeongju earthquake, and 2017 Pohang earthquake. Wall pressures monitored during the dynamic analyses are examined and compared for different earthquake motions and monitoring points, using power spectrum density. Finally, the maximum dynamic pressure for three earthquakes is compared with the design pressure calculated from a seismic design code. Results indicated that the maximum pressure from the El Centro earthquake exceeds the design pressure although its peak ground acceleration is less than 0.4 g, which is the design acceleration. On the other hand, the maximum pressure due to two Korean earthquakes does not reach the design pressure. Thus, engineers should not consider only the peak ground acceleration when determining the design pressure of water tanks.

This purpose of this study was to investigate cooking characteristics of noodles prepared by adding 0, 2, 4 or 6 percent of Capsosiphon fulvescens to wheat flour containing konjac powder. Water binding capacity was significantly increased with increasing amounts of Capsosiphon fulvescens. Weight and volume of cooked noodles increased significantly in proportion with the amount of Capsosiphon fulvescens. Turbidity of the soup after cooking also increased with the addition of Capsosiphon fulvescens. Brightness(L) and redness(a) were decreased with addition of Capsosiphon fulvescens. Yellowness( b) increased. The color value of cooked noodles was decreased compared with that of wet noodles. Sensory evaluation scores revealed that cooked noodles with 4 percent addition group were highest in terms of color, flavor and overall acceptability. This study validates that addition of Amorphophallus konjac and 4 percent Capsosiphon fulvescens may improve functionality and preference of noodles.

췌장의 점액성 낭성 종양(mucinous cystic neoplasm)은 국내 다기관 연구에 의하면 전체 췌장 낭성 종양의 약 25%를 차지하고 있다. 대부분 중년 여성에게 호발하고, 병변은 췌장 체부 및 미부에 위치하며, 점액성 낭선암(mucinous cystadenocarcinoma) 으로 악화될 수 있는데, 크기가 서서히 증가하므로 이의 파열은 매우 드문 합병증이다. 저자들은 72세 남성에서 발생한 췌장 점액성 낭선암의 자발 파열 증례를 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

Patent management activities are considered to play a key role for technology-based firms under the recent knowledge-based economies. This is because intellectual property, including patents, can act as a system for continuous profit generation by protecting firms’ products, processes and services. In Korea, healthcare industry is now regarded as one of the promising next generation industries. Despite the promise of healthcare industry, Korean healthcare product manufacturers are faced with turbulent business changes, such as market opening. Even though there are various industrial studies on the effect of patent management activities on firm outcome, previous studies have hardly paid attention to Korean healthcare product manufacturing firms. For this reason, this study identifies the effect of patent management activities, such as patenting activeness, technical excellence and cooperation degree, on firm outcomes, including financial profitability and firm growth, with respect to the Korean healthcare product manufacturers. In this study, we located 86 Korean healthcare manufacturing firms from KORCHAMBIZ and DART, and then collected the data of their patenting activities and outcomes between 2001 and 2013. By applying factor analysis and regression analysis, our empirical study found that firms’ patenting activeness has the significant positive relationship on firms’ financial profitability, and firms’ patenting activeness and technical excellence have the significant positive relationship on firms’ financial growth. Our study is an initial attempt to identify the effect of patent management activities on firm outcome within Korean healthcare product manufacturing industry, and thus its results can be used as the basis to formulate national policies for Korean healthcare product industry.

본 연구는 사회복지사가 지각하는 임파워먼트가 소진, 조직몰입에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고, 이 러한 인과관계가 기관유형(공공, 민간)에 따라 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 한다. 이를 위해 대구⋅경북 지 역의 사회복지사를 대상으로 900부의 설문지를 배포 후 수집된 854부 중 불성실한 응답을 제외하고 공공 기관 사회복지사 435부, 민간기관 사회복지사 368부 총 803부의 표본을 최종 분석에 사용하였다. 그 결과 사회복지사의 임파워먼트는 조직몰입에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 임파워먼트를 높게 지 각할수록 조직몰입은 높아짐을 알 수 있다. 또한 사회복지사의 임파워먼트와 조직몰입 간의 관계는 소진 의 매개를 통해서도 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 임파워먼트를 높게 지각할수록 소진은 낮아지고, 이렇게 낮아진 소진은 조직몰입에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 기관유형(공공, 민간)에 따른 사회복지사가 지각 하는 임파워먼트가 소진, 조직몰입에 미치는 영향력의 차이에 대한 분석결과 공공, 민간 사회복지사 모두 임파워먼트는 소진에, 소진은 조직몰입에, 임파워먼트는 조직몰입에 영향은 미치지만 연구변인들의 영향 력에는 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 사회복지사들의 조직몰입도를 높이 기 위해서는 임파워먼트를 높이고, 사회복지사의 소진 수준을 낮출 수 있는 노력과 방안에 대한 실천적 함의를 제시하였다.

본 논문에서는 배터리 전극 해석을 위한 응력-확산 완전 연계 멀티스케일 해석기법을 고안하였다. 제안된 방법에서는 먼저 리튬농도에 따른 확산계수 및 기계적 물성을 계산하였다. 이를 고려하여 확산에 의한 응력뿐만 아니라 응력에 의한 확산거동 변화까지 모두 고려한 응력-확산 완전연계 연속체 모델을 유한요소 기반으로 구성하였다. 이를 통해 실리콘 나노와이어 음극의 충/방전 전산 모사를 수행하였다. 이러한 해석결과를 통하여 기존의 확산에 의한 응력 연속체 모델보다 더 실제와 가까운 해석결과를 제안된 방법이 보여줌을 확인할 수 있었다.

As companies were concerned with developing green logistics and environment, most logistics concerned functions like packaging, loading, storage, transportation and IT studies are active in study. Even if active in research studies, companies still recognized that logistics cost increases as green concepts are applied. For the efficient execution of green logistics management, it is absolutely necessary but difficult to build an optimal logistics system where each function is smoothly interacted through the proper integration and the link of various logistics functions and partners. This study aims to development of green logistics through integration of supply chain functions and partners. With this aim of study, case studies with analysis of embodiment, planning and operations for supply chain of companies are carried out.

After the Uruguay Round, Korean agriculture industry has been protected and reared with government grants. However, until now there has been very minimal development to establish a solid export industry which can make the most of the trade agreements in place. There has been much research on ways to expand agricultural exports in order to respond properly to this ever changing environment and sustainable agricultural industry. As all other export industries, an efficient logistics network is paramount in order to allow the agricultural industry to respond to changes in demand and penetrate global markets. The lack of systematic logistics activities such as packaging, transportation, unloading, storage, and information transfer in farms has been a major factor in the inefficiency of the agricultural industry resulting in minimal development. From this perspective, 3PL was proposed and applied as a way to build on the streamlining of export of agricultural logistics system. The Agri 3PL is considered as an efficient agricultural exports method as a new concept connecting producers with exporters.