Purpose: This study examined the effects of a virtual reality (VR)-based self-directed practice program for indwelling catheterization on the practice immersion, performance confidence, and practice satisfaction of nursing students. Methods: A quasi-experimental study employing a non-equivalent control group pretest–posttest design was conducted with 59 nursing students. The experimental group (n = 26) performed VR-based, self-directed practice, while the control group (n = 33) conducted conventional mannequin-based practice. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations, independent t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: A significant group-by-time interaction effect was observed for performance confidence (Waldχ² = 6.88, p = .009), indicating a greater improvement in the experimental group. Practice immersion was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t = 2.31, p = .025). However, no significant difference was observed in practice satisfaction between the groups (Z = -0.07, p = .944). Conclusion: The VR-based self-directed practice program effectively enhanced performance confidence and practice immersion of nursing students. VR simulation is recommended as a valuable educational strategy to complement conventional mannequin-based practice in self-directed learning environments.

ABSTRACT
Ⅰ. 서 론
    1. 연구필요성
    2. 연구목적
    3. 연구가설
Ⅱ. 연구방법
    1. 연구설계
    2. 연구대상
    3. 연구도구
    4. 실험 처치
    5. 자료수집 절차 및 윤리적 고려
    6. 자료 분석 절차
Ⅲ. 연구결과
    1. 일반적 특성 및 동질성 검정
    2. 가설 검정
Ⅳ. 논 의
Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언
참고문헌

• 이정(목포가톨릭대학교 간호학과) | Lee Jeong (Department of Nursing, Mokpo Catholic University, Mokpo, Korea) Corresponding author