Precipitation samples were collected at sixteen sites in Northeast Asia from June 1995 to February 1997, and were analysed for the anions SO_4^2- NO_3^- and Cl^- and for the cations Na^+, NH_4^+, K^+, Mg^2+ and Ca^2+ in addition to pH and conductivity measurements. The quality assurance of chemical composition data was checked by considering the ion balance evaluating by │h│ value and the conductivity balance. The sum of cation concentrations were slightly greater than the sum of anion concentraions. For the anions, SO_4^2- clearly dominates in most of sampling sites whereas Cl^- is more abundant in coast and rural sites in Japan. For the cations, Ca^2+ and NH_4^+ are generally the more abundant ions except when sources of Na^+ exist. The contribution rate of nss-SO_4^2- and NO_3^- to acidity are about 70% and 10-30%, respectively. The neutralizing capacity by a major neutralizing cations such as NH_4^+ and nss-SO_4^2+ are above 98%(heavy polluted and urban sites in China), above 70%(urban sites in Japan and in Korea, coast sites in China) and above 60%(rural sites in Japan and in Korea), respectively.

The structure such as building and cultural properties was composed of various materials like wood, metal and stone that have been utilized and exposed to air, wind and rain for a long time. However, because of their special characteristics as structure, collecting of samples that may involve their destruction cannot be permitted, ever for material analysis. Therefore, in order to study the influence of atmospheric pollution on structure, atmospheric corrosion tests were achieved by making use of materials(bronze, ancient copper, copper, steel and marble) in field exposure tests. Atmospheric exposure sites are selected from places which are characterized by urban, rural, industrial and marine environments in Northeast Asia. According to the results of atmospheric corrosion tests; The corrosion rates of industrial sites in china were more serious than other sampling sites. In the correlation of meteorological factors, wet hours was defined as integrated hours under that atmospheric temperature is above O℃ and relative humidity in above 80% that has a great influence on corrosion tests of materials in case of a short time. The relative humidity was above about 75% that resulted in great increase of corrosion rates. In the esimation of corrosion rates between materials, corrosion rates of steel was about thirty times and decuple larger than that of other materials excluding marble in unshelterd exposure and in sheltered exposure.

옥천 변성대 남서부 지역에서 산출되는 변성 니질암에서는 muscovite, biotite 및 chlorite를 주로하는 phyllosilicate가 서로 intergrowth 또는 interlayer를 이루는 것이 편광현미경 관찰, EPMA 분석, Back Scattered Electron (BSE) image 관찰 및 Transmission Electron Micro-scope(TEM) 관찰을 통하여 확인되었다. 이들 광물들은 편광현미경 관찰에서 흔히 각각의 입자를 식별할 수 없을 정도의 미세 규모로 서로 intergrow 되어 있으며BSE image에서는 0.1μm 이하의 아주 작은 크기에서부터 10.0μm 정도 크기까지 다양한 규모의 intergrow를 형성하고 있음이 관찰되었다. TEM scale에서는 개별 layer 크기(약 10a)에서부터 수십 개 layer 크기의 interlayering을 보여준다. 이와 같은 intergrowth 또는 interlayering의 결과로 EPMA 분석에서 종종 보기에는 규진(homogeneous)한 입자라 하더라도 두 개 이상의 광물 성분이 섞여 있는 분석값을 나타내며 이러한 nonstoichiometry는 BSE image에서 interlayer(또는 intergrow) 된 것으로 관찰되는 부분에서 더욱 두드러진다.Chlorite zone에서는 chlorite와 muscovite의 interlayering (C/M)이 주로 발견되며 biotite zone과 garnet zone에서는 chlorite와 biotite의 interlayer (C/B)가 주로 관찰된다. 이는 chlorite zone에서는 속성작용에서 보편적으로 나타나는 C/M으로부터 chlorite가 분리되는 광물반응이 일어나는데 반해서 biotite zone과 garnet zone에서는 chlorite로부터 C/B를 거쳐 biotite를 생성하는 광물반응이 일어나는 것을 의미한다. 이와 같은 현상은 변성작용에서 phollosilicate의 광물반응의 엄밀한 의미에서는 평형(equilibrium) 상태에서 균질한 광물을 생성하기보다는 비평형(disequilibrium) 반응으로 일어난다는 것을 의미한다.