This paper discusses several aspects of the linkage between U.S. dairy policies and imperfect competition in dairy industry. Some key facts about the U.S. dairy industry as well as the products, marketing channels and potential for imperfect competition in each of several dairy products markets are discussed. This paper outlines the issues and considers some specific topics in the relation between dairy policy and market power or imperfect competition. This paper It is suggesteds that market power may be found among several players in several dairy markets.

The nematicidal activity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome-derived materials (methanol extract, steam distillate, and powder) toward M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) was examined using residual contact toxicity and pot bioassays. In residual contact toxicity bioassays with J2, the active principles of K. galanga rhizome were identified as the phenylpropanoids ethyl cinnamate (EC, 1) and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EMC, 2) by spectroscopic analysis. EC exhibited 95% and 49% mortality at 0.06 and 0.04 mg/ml toward J2, respectively, whereas EMC showed 98% and 63% mortality at 0.1 and 0.08 mg/ml. In pot tests with J2, K. galanga rhizome methanol extract gave 92% and 82% mortality at 100 and 20 mg/50g soil, respectively. Steam distillate gave 88% and 68% mortality at 85 and 42.5 mg/50g soil, respectively, whereas rhizome powder provided 83% and 62% mortality at 400 and 200 mg/50g soil. K. galanga rhizome-derived materials, particularly EC and EMC, merit further study as potential root-knot nematode control agents or leads because of their great activity as a nematicide.

The repellent constituents of essential oils from Zanthoxylum armatum (Rutaceae) seed and Zanthoxylum piperitum fruit against female Stomoxys calcitrans were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The repellency of two Zanthoxylum essential oils and 11 oil compounds against female S. calcitrans was examined using a skin bioassay. Results were compared with those of the most widely used repellent DEET. Both Z. armatum seed and Z. piperitum fruit oils provided complete and good protection from fly bites for 30 min at 0.4 and 0.2 mg/cm2, respectively. At 0.05 mg/cm2, both oils gave ca 70 and 40% repellency at 30 and 60 min post-treatment, respectively, whereas DEET provided 83 and 73% protection. Of test compounds, cuminaldehyde at 0.05 mg/cm2 gave 92 and 69% repellency at 10 and 30 min post-treatment, respectively, whereas 1,8-cineole, and citronellal provided approx. 76% repellency at 10 min. The Zanthoxylum oils and their constituents, particularly cuminaldehyde, merit further study as potential insect repellents for the protection from humans and domestic animals from biting and nuisance caused by S. calcitrans.

Recently, new antibacteri al strategy has been demanded because of the incr eased occurrence 0 1' drug-resistant bact ena Accordingly , phot odynarnic therapy has been attempted for clinical appli cation against drug-resistant bact eri a, Antimi crobial photodyna rni c t herapy combines a nontoxic photosensiti zer with harmJ ess vi sible light to generate singlet oxygen and free radicals that kill lni croor ganism. In thi s study , we investigated bactericida l effect of photodynarnic ther apy by using phot osensiti zer chl orin e6 to pathogenic bacteria including a gram- positive Stapbylococuus a ureus and gram- negative strains including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, EscbeJicbia coù; and SaJmoneJla en terica sero v，없' 7γpbimurium， To exa때 n e antimicrobial ef fec t 0 1' photodynamic t herapy, we measured inhibition zone‘ colony forrning units (CFU) , and in situ viability of bacteri al cell s after illumination with an energy density (Diode pumped laser driver LD203이 01 20J/cm2 in the presence 0 1' lOuM chlorin e6, We found the incr ease 0 1' inhibition zone on agar plat es‘ the reduction 0 1' colony forming unit , and the rapid decrease 0 1' viable cell number 0 1' all bacterial species exarnined while those 0 1' control bacteria treated so ley wi th ei t her light 0 1' photosensiti zer were unchanged. The susceptibility of 8. aureush and P. aeru - ginosa was much higher t han that 01' the other strains These resu lts show tha t photodynamic t hera py using photosensi ti zer chlorin e6 is very effective to inhibit bacterial s urviva l, suggesti ng t hat t his system can be clin ically appli cable as an alternative antibacterial strategy to treat mul t iple drug-resistant bacteria

With increment of quantity of inspection and concerns on plant quarantine, plant quarantine faces big challenges internationally as well as domestically. The fast changing environment surrounding plant quarantine makes the role of international quarantine cooperation more important. The m떠 or roles of international cooperation in NPQS are bilateral negotiation to facilitate export of Korean agricultural products, augmentation of contributions in multilateral cooperation, scientific and reasonable progress on import requirement from exporting countries and timely collection and taking measures on international information related to plant quarantine. The major international organizations of plant quarantine are WTOjSPS and IPPCjFAO. WTOjSPS and IPPC expedite development of international standards and guidelines for implementation of scientific and transparent phytosanitary measures. NPQS holds bilateral meetings with various trading partners. Through the bilateral communication, quarantine issues on export of Korean agricultural products, import quarantine requirements of foreign agricultural products and other bilateral issues are discussed. With faithful conduct of the roles of international cooperation as importance part of plant quarantine, plant quarantine can contribute to prevent introduction and spread of exotic pest not only into Korea but also to our trading partner countries which lead to protection of agricultural and natural environment.

Osteoblastoma is a benign bone forming neoplasm most commonly occurring in the vertebrae, long bones, but the jaw involvement is very rare events. When localized close to the periapical region or laterally to the roots of the t eeth, the lesion is easily confused with inflammatory periapical pathosis. In this article, we report our experience with a case of osteoblastoma located in the periapical region that was initially misdiagnosed as an inflammatory periapical pathosis, which led to unnecessary dental treatment and a delayed diagnosis. This case demonstrates the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment planning when one is dealing with radiolucent lesions in the periapical area Therefore, this case stresses the importance of biopsy of periapical lesions that do not respond to endodontic treatment or are otherwise S USpl CIOUS.

T:raumat ic eosinophili c granuloma(TEG) of the oral mucosa is considered to be a reactive benign lesion. which commonly manifests as an ulcer with elevated and indurated borders Clinically, this lesion simulates a malignant tumor. Histology shows a diffuse. dense, polyrnorphic, and eosinophil - rich cellular infiltra te. which extends deeply into the underlying soft t issues. A major constituent of infil trates is a population of mitotically active‘ la rge‘ atypi cal mononuclear cells. Immunohistologic evaluation of the large atypical cells has suggested a myofibroblastic 01' his tiocytic ol'igin. However, recent reports have shown that these cells are positive 1'01' CD30 antigen and it has been s llggested tha t a subset of TEG cOllld be included within the spectrum of CD30+ lymphoprolifer ative disorders. We have described 2 patients who had oral mllcosal lesions with features of TEG. ln patient 1. the lesiona l cells expressed CD3 .. CD43, LCA. Interestingly, the large cells were strongly CD30 positive. bl1t nega tive for CD68, CD45Ro‘ CD56, CD20. This case was interpreted as a CD30+ Iymphoproliferative disorder. In pa tient 2‘ t he la rge cell s showed strong posit ive for CD68, hut negative for CD30 The small lymphocytic cells ex prerssed CD3 This case was interpreted as an atypical histiocytic granuloma. Therefore, TEGs inclllde atypical histiocytic granllloma a long with the CD30+ lymphoid lesions. These findings suggested that TEG w0111d be a hete rogenous category of oral mucosal di sorders

The conductances of trimethyltetradecylammonium bromide (TTAB) plus triphenyltetradecyl phosphonium bromide (TTPB) and TTAB plus trimethylhexadecylammonium bromide (HTAB) over the entire mole fraction range of TTAB were measured in water and in cyclodextrin plus water mixtures at fixed 4 and 8 mM of cyclodextrin at 30℃. The conductivity plot for both binary mixtures shows a single break from which the mixed critical micelle concentration and degree of micelle ionization were computed. From the slope of the conductivity curve, the equivalent ionic conductivities of the monomeric, associated, and the micelle states were calculated and discussed with respect to the surfactant-cyclodextrin complexation in the whole mole fraction range of both surfactant binary mixtures. The association constant K between the respective monomeric surfactant and cyclodextrin cavity of fixed 4 mM cyclodextrin was computed by considering 1:1 association from the surface tension measurement. A comparison among the K values for HTAB-cyclodetrin, TTAB-cyclodextrin, and TTPB-cyclodextrin shows that the former complexation is significantly stronger in comparison to the other ones due to the longer hydrophobic tail.