The ubiquitin-26S proteasome system is important in the quality control of intracellular proteins. The ubiquitin-26S proteasome system includes the E1 (ubiquitin activating), E2 (ubiquitin conjugating) and E3 (ubiquitin ligase) enzymes. U-box proteins are a derived version of RING-finger domains, which have E3 enzyme activity. Here, we present the isolation of a novel U-box protein, OsUPS, from rice (Oryza sativa).The cDNA encoding the O.sativa U-box protein(OsUPS) comprises 1338bp, with an open reading frame of 445 amino acids. The open reading frame of the OsUPS protein is comprised of notable domains: a single ~70-amino acid domain and a GKL domain that contains conserved glycine, lysine/ arginine residues and leucine-rich feature. We found that full-length expression of OsUPS was up-regulated in both rice plants and cell culture in the absence of inorganic phosphate (Pi). A self-ubiquitination assay indicated that the bacterially expressed OsUPS protein had E3 ligase activity, and subcellular localization results showed that OsUPS was located in the chloroplast. Suppression of OsUPS resulted in servre signs of toxicity caused by the over-accumulation of Pi. These results support the notion that OsUPS plays an important role in the Pi signaling pathway through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system.

Space has many distinguishable characteristics from earth such as strong cosmic radiation, microgravity, supervaccum and weak magnetic field. For this reason, space environments can be used an efficient mutagen for plant breeding nowadays. To identify the affected genes by condition in space with outer space, Brachypodium seeds were placed in the Russia Segment (RS) Biorisk module of International Space Station (ISS). Brachypodium distachyon is a model system for temperature grass, because they represent the characteristics for annual winter grass. Seeds and organs of plants carried by satellite or spacecraft to space can be genetically mutated by exposing space environment. We performed a duplicated RNA sequencing to profile the differentially expressed genes. As a results, about 700 genes were upregulated and 250 genes were downregulated by cosmic environments, respectively. In the molecular function category, protein kinase and transcription activity related genes were upregulated. Among the many transcription factors (TFs), stress related TFs such as ERF, NAC and WRKY were differentially expressed in space exposed samples. In the future, their expression will be identified by using qRT_PCR.

sy-2 (Seychelles-2) is a temperature sensitive natural mutant of Capsicum chinense and native to Seychelles Island in Africa. Previously we showed that sy-2 leaves were irregularly shaped and defective in chlorophyll development at temperatures below 24℃. A segregation test revealed that the sy-2 gene is controlled by a single recessive gene. To identify the sy-2 gene, we performed a map-based cloning approach using a total 600 individual F2 plants derived from crossing sy-2 and the wild type C. chinense ‘No.3341’. Fine-mapping of the locus allowed us to position sy-2 to an approximately 170-kb region flanked by markers IN2-1-1 and SNP-3-7 on chromosome 1. Among the approximately 36 hypothetical genes in this region several candidate genes including: HSP90-like ATPase family proteins, lipid-transfer proteins, calmodulin-domain protein kinases, and zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) were identified. RT-PCR and sequencing of the hypothetical genes are under way to identify sy-2.

Rose (Rosa Hybrida Hort.) are of a high symbolic value and a great cultural importance in different societies. They are widely used as garden ornamental plants and as cut flowers. For the induction of mutation, gamma-rays are widely used as a mutagen. This study was carried out to establish a system for mutation breeding by irradiation of gamma-ray in rose. The rooted cuttings of five cultivar roses (Lovelydia, Vital, Aqua, Yellowbabe and Haetsal) are grown by in a greenhouse. They were two difference treatment (Before rooting gamma-ray irradiation, After rooting gamma-ray irradiation) were exposed to dose of 70 Gy using a 60Co gamma-irradiator (150 TBq of capacity ; ACEL, Canada) at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. The irradiated plants were planted in a greenhouse, and investigated survival rate, mutation rate, flower buds number, and shoot length were planted after 80days. The two treatments of and growth characters was significantly reduced to 20% to 40% compared with the control. In addition, survival rate and mutation rate were ‘after rooting γ-ray irradiation (37.4~67.3% and 0.5~5.6%)’ higher than ‘before rooting γ-ray irradiation (18.3~50.8% and 0.3~3.4%)’. Mutation types were solid type, chimeric and mosaic petal mutants with various colors were induced from five rose. These results indicate that efficiency of mutation induction in rose by gamma-ray irradiation on petal colors and petal shapes in two difference treatment with rooted cutting system.

Assessing genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium is important in identifying potential parental lines for breeding programs. In this study, we assessed the genetic and phenotypic variation of 174 normal maize (Zea mays) inbred lines and made association analyses with respect to nine agronomical traits, using 150 simple sequence repeats (SSR). From population structure analysis, the lines were divided into three groups. Association analysis was done with a mixed linear model and a general linear model. Twenty one marker-trait associations involving 19 SSR markers were observed using the mixed model, with a significance level of P<0.01. All of these associations, as well as 120 additional marker-trait associations involving 77 SSR markers, were observed with the general model. Two significant marker-trait associations (SMTAs) were detected at P ≤ 0.0001. In the mixed linear model, one locus was associated with water content, two loci were associated with 100-kernel weight, setted ear length, ear thickness and stem thickness; three loci were associated with ear height, four loci were associated with total kernel weight and five loci were associated with plant height. These results should prove useful to breeders in the selection of parental lines and markers.

For understanding the genetic diversity and genetic relationship between cultivated and weedy types, we evaluated genetic variation of 80 accessions of rice (O. Sativa). This included 42 cultivated accessions and 38 weedy accessions with the help of AFLP and CACTA-TD. A total of 542 loci were analyzed (255 for AFLP and 287 for CACTA-TD) of which AFLP markers exhibited 75% of polymorphism and transposon based CACTA-TD markers exhibited 93% of polymorphism. The average genetic diversity value for all 80 accessions, using AFLP markers was 0.226 (Cultivated – 0.210; Weedy 0.241) and based on CACTA-TD markers was 0.281 (Cultivated – 0.294; Weedy 0.269). A UPGMA phylogenetic tree revealed three major groups for both the marker system. The average polymorphic content value obtained with AFLP and CACTA-TD markers were 0.21 and 0.232, Effective multiplex ratio (AFLP – 47.50; CACTA-TD – 66.75), Marker Index (AFLP – 9.94; CACTA-TD – 21.13) and Resolving power (AFLP – 19.53; CACTA-TD – 34.62) indicated that the CACTA-TD markers were relatively efficient than AFLP markers.

Anthocyanin has antioxidant and radical-scavenging effects which may protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. A new peanut variety “Heuksaeng”(Arachis hypogaea ssp. hypogaea L.) with dark purple peanut skin was developed at the Department of Southern Area Crop Science, NICS, in Milyang in 2014. This variety was developed from the crossing line between cultivar “Iksan 31” with short stem and erect plant type and “Iksan35” with large grain and purple skin. “Heuksaeng” which is semi erect Virginia plant type has 32cm of main stem length and 25 branch number per plant. This also show more resistant to late leaf spot, web blotch and lodging, compared with check variety “Daekwang”. Each pod has two grains with ellipse shape of purple testa and its yield components is composed of 60 mature pods of per plant, 69g of 100-seed weight, 77% of pod shelling ratio in the regional yield trials(RYT). For 3 year regional yield trials the average kernel yield of “Heuksaeng” had 4.25 MT/ha similar to that of check variety. Its seed quality show 26.9% of crude protein and 46.0% of crude oil and 53.4% of oleate in fatty acid composition. Peanut skin of variety “Heuksang” consist of 2 kind of anthocyanin compounds such as 4.67mg/100g of delpinidine-3-glucoside (D3G) and 1.18mg/100g of cyanidine-3-glucoside(C3G). Peanut variety with high anthocyanin conent in skin will be useful to the recent preference of colorful food with healthful functional compounds.

Peanut is grown worldwide in the tropics and temperate zones primarily as an oilseed crop (38-54%) and protein source(25-30%). A new peanut variety “Daan”(Arachis hypogaea ssp. fastigiata L.) with the high yield potential was developed at the Department of Southern Area Crop Science, NICS, in Milyang in 2014. This was developed from the crossing line between cultivar “Sangpyeong” with short stem and high quality and “Dakwang” with large grain. “Daan” which is Shinpung plant type has 44cm of main stem length and 13 branch number per plant. Each pod has two grains with long ellipse shape of brown testa and yield components is composed of 34 mature pods of per plant, 127g of 100-seed weight, 75% of pod shelling ratio in the regional yield trials(RYT). Seed quality showed 47.8% of crude oil and 28.3% of protein content. This variety also showed more resistant to early leaf spot, late leaf spot, web blotch, stem rot and lodging compared with check variety “Daekwang”. In the regional yield trials “Daan” outyielded check variety by 16% with 5.00 MT/ha for kernel yield.

To define whole genome-level of structural variation by ionization energies and radiation doses in plant, the seeds of Ilpum rice cultivar were acutely irradiated with gamma rays (100Gy, 200Gy, and 400Gy) and ion-beams (20Gy, 40Gy, and 80Gy), respectively. Six M1 rice plants were re-sequenced by Hi-Seq2500 with Ilpum cultivar as control. The average sequencing coverage of the individuals was 10.6X, and the average mapping rate to the rice reference genome (IRGSP-1.0) sequence was 96.95%. The individual plants were irradiated with gamma-400Gy and ion-50Gy had highest variation of SNP with 471,837 and 469,147, respectively. The number of insertion/deletion was 77,500 and 77,106, the synonymous and frame-shift were 7,859 and 7,763 in above two individuals. Although high genome variation shown between Ilpum cultivar and irradiated individuals, there were non-correlation between number of variation and radiation doses. However, five individuals, except ion-20Gy, showed 33 common variant blocks (CVBs) spanning 6 Mb in whole rice genome (1.6%). The CVBs were distributed on 12 rice chromosomes, Chromosome 6 had biggest CVB (5 blocks, 1.3Mb), whereas chromosome 9 had smallest CVB (0.01Mb). Total five hundred fifty one genes were in CVBs which can regard radiation sensitive genes or may be regarded as radiation hot spots in rice genome. This study will contribute to the improvement of the radiation mutation breeding research in genetic and genomic aspect.

Clubroot is a devastating disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and results in severe losses of yield and quality in Brassica crops including Brassica oleracea. Therefore, it is important to identify resistance gene for CR disease and apply it to breeding of Brassica crops. In this study, we applied genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technique to construct high resolution genetic map and mapping of clubroot resistance (CR) genes. A total of 18,187 GBS markers were identified between two parent lines resistant and susceptible to the disease, of which 4,103 markers were genotyped in all 78 F2 plants generated from crossing of both parent lines. The markers were clustered into nine linkage groups spanning 879.9 cM, generating high resolution genetic map enough to refine reported reference genome of cabbage. In addition, through QTL analysis using 78 F2:3 progenies and mapping based on the genetic map, two and single major QTLs were identified for resistance of race 2 and race 9 of P. brassicae, respectively. These QTLs did not show collinearity with CR loci found in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) but roughly overlapped with CR loci identified in cabbage for resistance to race 4. Taken together, genetic map and QTLs obtained in this study will provide valuable information to improve reference genome and clubroot resistance in cabbage.

본 논문은 전후 초기 일본의 홋카이도(北海道)에서 이루어진 소련점령지 반환을 위한 대중들의 초기 운동에 대하여 주안점을 둔 것이다. 운동의 기원, 그 뒤에 숨은 배경, 그리고 일본 전체 국민들의 광범위한 동조를 얻는데 실패한 이유에 대해서 연구하였다. 초기 대중들의 요구는 지방의 경제적인 욕구에 의해서 형성되었고, 또한 공범위한 국내적, 국제적인 정치적 발전이 반영되었다. 이런 운동에 참여하고 있던 여러 조직단체들은 그들의 요구가 직접적으로 구성원들의 물질적 이익을 반영한다고 믿고 단결하였다. 이 운동을 이끈 이념은 1960년대 말 중앙정부가 주도한 이후 영토회복주의자들을 이끌게 된 비물질적인 민족주의와는 분명히 거리가 멀었다. 또한 광범위한 대중을 동원하는 운동으로 나아가지 못했고 당시 일본에서 주도된 주권 정체성과 공명을 이루지 못하고 구조화에 실패하였다. 본 연구에서는 이 과정을 추적하였다.

Magnoliae Flos (Sini in Korean) is one of the most important oriental medicinal plants. In the Korean Herbal Pharmacopeia, the bud of the all species in Manolia denudate and Manolia genus were regarded as the botanical sources for ‘Sini’. Most the dried bud of Manolia denudata, Manolia biondii and Manolia sprengeri were used as ‘Xin-yi’ in China. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine and compare the ‘Magnolia’ species, four species including Manolia denudata, M. biondii, M. liliiflora and M. Kobus were analysis of sequencing data revealed DNA polymorphisms. The based on tRNA coding leucine/phenylalanine (trnL-F) and NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase subunit 5 (ndhF) sequences in chloroplast DNA. For the identification of ‘Magnolia’ species, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of chloroplast DNA regions such as ndhF have proven an appropriate method. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been identified between genuine “Sini” and their fraudulent and misuse. Specific PCR primers were designed from this polymorphic site within the sequence data, and were used to detect true plants via multiplex PCR.

Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma (the rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance, known as lesser galangal), a family of Zingiberaceae, has been used to reduce pain of infection and inflammatory diseases in Asian countries. The present study was focused to evaluate the inhibitory degranulation effect of Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract in RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187. Mast cell degranulation was analyzed by measuring release of β -hexosaminidase in RBL-2H3 cell. Gene expression was measured by qRT-PCR and signaling molecules were detected by immunoblotting. The Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract suppressed β-hexosaminidase release in dose-dependent manner and inhibited cycloxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression. Furthermore, it was found that Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract reduced mitogen-activated protein kinases, especially phosphorylated p38, at 0.75 ㎎/㎖ of Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract concentrations. These data show that Alpiniae officinarum Rhizoma extract has immunosuppressive effect in mast cell induced allergic inflammation.

In sustainable viticulture, green manure represents a safe and non-polluting way to bring large quantities of organic matter into the soil. The cultivation of green manure crops plays an important role in soil quality and sustainability of agricultural system. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of green manure fertilization on yield and quality of the Campbell Early grape variety in the organic vineyard. Hairy vetch was the more productive green manure crop, yielding higher dry materials. Average yields of grape were significantly greater in hairy vetch + rye (13.02 ton ha-1) than nature weed (11.65 ton ha-1), respectively. The concentrations of total as well as individual anthocyanins were consistently higher with hairy vetch treatment compared with rye and nature weed, thus making the green manure cultivation is an environmentally friendly cultivation to increase the yield and anthocyanin contents in organic grape.

본 연구는 3,7-diarylpyrazolo [1,5-α]pyrimidines의 효과적인 one-pot regioselective 합성을 보여준다. 더욱이, 그 유도체는 뛰어난 CB1R 저해 활성을 나타냈다. 3,7-position에 diaryl group이 치환된 pyrazolo [1,5-α]pyrimidine은 CB1R 후보로서 가능성 있는 pharmacophore이다.

한국은 2050년까지 주요 선진국 중에서 고령화가 가장 심각한 사회로 전환되게 될 것으로 예상된다. 기대여명의 증가와 저 출산은 고령화를 더욱 악화시키며, 이는 심각한 사회문제로 발전하게 될 것이다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해 한국정부는 2008년에 도시지역에는 주택연금제도를 도입하였으며, 2011년에는 세계 최초로 농촌지역을 대상으로 농지연금제도를 도입하였다. 그렇지만 이와 같은 제도는 설계 당시부터 복지상품이라기 보다는 장기적으로 손실과 수익의 균형에 초점을 둔 금융상품으로 개발되어 실질적으로 노인들에게 크게 인기를 얻지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 농지연금제도를 활성화시켜, 농촌노인들에게 보다 더 많은 혜택을 주기 위해 지역 토지시장을 감안하여 지역별 농지가격상승률을 예측하고 연금액을 산출하였다. 또, 지금까지 사용한 년 혹은 분기별 감정가 대신에 월별, 지역별 실거래 가격을 모형에 적용하여 지역 토지시장, 고령화 수준 등 지역 여건에 부합하는 연금액을 산출하였다. 할인율자료도 가장 안정적인 3년 만기 국고채 수익률을 활용하여 미래농지가격을 예측하고, 이를 유동화하여 월 생활자금으로 지급되도록 하였다. 특히 농지규모가 가장 많고, 고령화 정도가 심각하여 농지연금의 잠재적 수요가 가장 높을 것으로 예상되는 경상북도와 전라남도를 사례지역으로 선정하고, 이를 전국평균과 비교하여 지역적인 차이도 함께 분석하였다. 이를 위해 농지가격 및 이자율 시계열 자료의 안정성을 검정하고, 장기농지가격을 예측하였다. 이를 활용하여 경북, 전남, 전국의 노인들의 월평균 지급액을 추정하였다. 분석결과 정책의 잠재적 수요가 가장 높은 두 지역이 가장 낮은 금액이 지급되는 것으로 추정되어 이는 또 다른 지역불균형을 초래할 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

urposeThisresearchinvestigatestheeffectofdisclosure–qualitywithtwomaincomponents,reliabilityandtimeliness,oneconomicvalueaddedinIran. cludes170TehranStockExchangelistedcompaniesfrom2008-12.Multipleregressionanalysiswasappliedtotestthehy-pothesesandestimatesofthecoefficients.Firmsizeandreturnonassetswerethecontrolvariables. ResultsTheresultsshowthattimelinessofinformationhas–apositiveimpactoneconomicvalueadded.Wedidnotfindanysignificantrelationshipbetweendisclosurequalityandreli-abilityofinformationandeconomicvalueadded.Theregressedmodelshowsthatthereisnosignificantassociationbetweenfirmsizeandeconomicvalueadded.Theresultsalsoshowthatthereisapositiveassociationbetweenreturnonassetsandeconomicvalueadded. Conclusions–Theoretically,timelyinformationiseffectiveindecision-making.Thisstudyshowsthattimelinessofinformationhaspositiveeffectonthecreationofeconomicvalueadded.However,disclosurequality,reliability,andfirmsizedonotef-fectoneconomicvalueadded.Companieswithgreaterreturnonassetsproducegreatereconomicvalueadded.

Torrefaction is a treatment which serves to improve the properties of biomass in relation to thermochemical processing techniques for energy generation. In this study, the torrefaction of sewage sludge, which is a non-lignocellulosic waste was investigated in a horizontal tubular reactor under nitrogen flow at temperature ranging from 150-600℃. The torrefied sewage sludge products were characterized in terms of their energy yield, ash content and volatile fraction. The energy and mass yields decreased with an increase in the torrefaction temperature. The pelletization and the combustion characteristics of the torrefied sewage sludge was studied in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.