Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with two different (L/D) aspect ratios (7±2 μm/140±30 nm and 0.5–2 μm/8–15 nm) were surface treated using nitric acid (HNO3) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) prior to their deposition on carbon fibers (CF). Before the hierarchical reinforcement with CF-MWCNT, the CFs were treated with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, a coupling agent (Z6040) and with poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) a dendrimer containing an ethylenediamine core and amine surface groups. The MWCNT were deposited on the CF using two methods, by electrostatic attraction and by chemical reactions. The changes in the CF surface morphology after the MWCNT deposition were analyzed using SEM, which revealed a higher density and uniform coverage for the PAMAM-treated CF and the short MWCNTs. The interfacial adhesion of the composite materials was evaluated using the single fiber fragmentation technique. The results indicated an improvement in the interfacial shear strength with the addition of the short-MWCNTs treated with acid solutions and grafted onto the surface of the CF fiber using electrostatic attraction.

Until recently, molecular detection method for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Bx) infesting pine trees and killing themhas been developed several ways such as RFLP, Real-time PCR and LAMP. However, these were not only time-consumingprocess but also could not confirm the result in a short time. Furthermore, these methods also need thermo cycler orthermostat which are not portable and inexpensive. For above reasons, we had been developed the detection method forBx remaining in the pinewood chips without using electronic devices. In this study, we had used DUNT buffer that isable to extract genome DNA from Bx in the pinewood within 10 min and isothermal amplification that could be amplifiedthe specific DNA fragment of Bx at 37 ℃ for 10 min. As a result, our method is able to confirm the presence or absenceof Bx in pine trees within 20 min and could be used in the field as it does not require the electronic devices.

Steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm powders (SMSP) have various health improvement effects. However, westill do not know which substances are reponsible for varius health improvement effect yet. In this study, we comparedcontents of phytochemicals in SMSP to mulberry leaves and other silkworm powders. We found that SMSP have certainlevels of phyttochemicals and silk proteins. Our data suggested that various substances in SMSP are responsible for healthimprovements effect. (Project title: Elucidation the health improvement effects of boiled silk worm larvae, Project No:PJ010828012017)

To investigate the proper eclosion condition of Black Soldier Fly(BSF), Hermetia illucens was investigated the eclosionperiod and rate by cluster size and temperature for 3 weeks. Respectively, ten pupaes were added to the pupae(FTP)and rice husk (TTR) at 25℃, also treated only with pupae(TTR) and rice husk (TTR) at 30℃. In addition, Four hundredpupaes of each pupa were treated with only pupa (SP) and rice husk(SR) at 25℃, while was tested only pupa(TP) andrice husk(TR) at 30℃. As a result of the small group experiment, the FTR group showed the highly rate of emergencerate of 96.6%, which was more efficiently than other treatments, and also, TR group showed of highly efficiency (96.25%).Compared to the small group experiment, the algebra rate and algebra rate averaged 1.1 days faster and increased by13.3%. Two experimental results showed that eclosion rate was influenced by temperature and eclosionrate by shelter.

Environmental cleansing insect which is well known for Black Soldier Fly(BSF), Hermetia illucens egg mass wightby hatch survival rate and animal carcass and pig feces decomposition ability trial and examined survival rate. BSF eggmass examined A-1,2,3 group each 4.56g equivalent condition hatch after survival rate, Survival BSF larva was36,394.67±3,038.863, survival rate average was 64.8%. Put the BSF larva 45,000 into the Python regius carcass showeddecomposition takes 9 days, wight was decreased rate to 67%. Put A-1,2,3 survival BSF larva dived half into pig feces,carcass. Pig carcass, feces each 6.35kg decomposition take 12 days, 14 days, wight decreased rate to 58.8%, 63.2%, Survivalrate showed to 4.87%, 85.6%, one larva per 1.16g, 2.26g pig carcass, feces take decomposition. Since the lack of food,BSF larva didn’t grow more than the pig carcass feed group, extra in 6kg of pig feces feed. Amount pig feces take12.35kg decomposition during 32 days. Manure make 4.2kg.

We selected the trap plant that could attract Ricania spp. adult effectively and the systemic chemicals that could beused at the same time in 2016. Ricania spp. has recently spread throughout Chungnam province since its occurrence in2010. We found that sunflowers could attract them effectively in pre-oviposition period of Ricania spp. and selected thesystemic chemicals could be used with sunflower simultaneously. The sunflower attracted their adults about 90 to 95percent in pre-oviposition period. The systemic chemicals was dinotefuran SG 50% and the control effect of it was 96.2%.The control effect of dinotefuran transferred to sunflower was excellent, and the density of adult in blackberry field couldbe kept low in pre-poviposion period of Ricania spp. The above results show the possibility of using sunflower as atrap plant to control Ricania spp. adults.

Potato tuber moth (PTM) is damaging pest of solanaceous crop invasive to Korea. We showed earlier that it inflicteddamage to tomato. So in this study, we evaluated accessions of Solanum lycopersicum (Money maker, Campari, AilsaCraig, LA3475 and e6203) and a wild variety of S. pimpinellifolium for resistance variability. A day old larvae of PTMwere inoculated to leaves and fruits. The result showed high survivability on leaves of Ailsa Craig (95.6%±4.4 SE) andlow on fruits of S. pimpinellifolium (14.0%±6.0). Leaves of LA3475 and fruits of S. pimpinellifolium were less preferred.Volatile compounds could be the cause. Density of trichomes could also influence PTM activity on leaves. These resultsgive us information on resistance variability which could be utilized if there is a host shift due to climate change.

The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is a ubiquitous pest on potatoes, tobacco, tomato and othercrops. The small hive beetle (SHB), Aethina tumida Murray, is a pest of European honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in severalcountries in the world. Propolis is a balm-like substance collected from plants by bees. Its chemical composition variesand depends mainly on the flora in the region in which it is collected as well as the bee species. Hitherto biologicalproperties and the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from propolis of Korean origin are unknown. Inthis study, while searching for an environmentally friendly method to control these pests we evaluated the repellent effectsof essential oil of propolis collected from Bee Lab of Andong National University and found that it possess repellentactivity against both small hive beetle and potato tuber moth. Moreover, a total of 171 constituents of the oil were identifiedof which 6 were major compounds using GC/MS analysis. We also compared the chemical composition of this oil withthose from 2 Ethiopian regions.

Nitiric oxide (NO) and eicosanoids function as crucial immune mediators in insects. This study focuses on cross-talkbetween two immune mediators in term of humoral immune response in Spodoptera exigua. Up-regulation of eight differentanti-microbial peptides (AMP) was observed against bacterial challenge. In contrast, injection of E. coli along with L-NAMEsignificantly down regulation the AMP production whereas D-NAME was not effective. The injection of E. coli withdexamethasone or SNAP also decreased AMP production whereas arachidonic acid (AA) compensated the dexamethasoneeffects. RNA inerferece against SeNOS showed the down-regulation of defensin mRNA level, whereas dsNOS injectionswith AA reversed the gene regulation.

It is necessary to understand of temporal and spatial dynamics by establishing a periodical monitoring system for theproper management in small brown planthopper (SBPH). A dataset is including the number of SBPHs by location, collectionmethod [aerial collection net (AeCN) or light trap (LT)] and period (May~Aug.) for five years (2011~2015), and missingvalues were imputed using multiple imputation methods. Of the 15,848 individuals collected, approximately 47% and 52.9%were collected using the AeCN and LT methods, respectively. A high incidence of migratory SBPHs was observed duringJulian days 144-166 using the AeCN method. Generally, the migratory SBPHs from China composed 39.4% of the totalpopulations of SBPHs. These results would provide valuable information to predict the incidence period of migratory SBPHsand establish a proactive management system against SBPH.

We compared the genetic structures of overwintered indigenous Korean and Chinese populations. The eight Koreanpopulations consisted of 33 haplotypes, and 16 haplotypes were newly identified. The genetic diversity of the Koreanpopulation revealed high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity of 0.86 and 0.0024 on average, respectively,due to the high dispersal ability, which is similar to that of the Chinese population (Sun et al., 2015). Comparison with30 Chinese populations using a population tree showed that the Korean populations grouped with 12 Chinese populationsand that 67% were located near Jiangsu province. Moreover, the three frequent migration regions by migratory SBPH,including the Buan, Shinan and Taean counties, were grouped together with high supporting values. These results mightsupport the presence of gene flow between the Korean and Chinese populations by migratory SBPHs.

To identify genes that commonly respond to the treatment of different insecticides and are responsible for the toleranceenhancement, transcriptomic profiles of larvae treated with sublethal doses of the five insecticides were compared withthat of untreated control. A total of 117,181 transcripts with a mean length of 662 bp were generated by de novo assembly,of which 35,329 transcripts were annotated. Among them, 125, 143, 182, 215 and 149 transcripts were determined tobe up-regulated whereas 67, 45, 60, 60 and 38 genes were down-regulated following treatments with these five insecticides.The most notable examples of commonly responding over-transcribed genes were two cytochrome P450 genes and ninecuticular protein genes. In contrast, several genes composing the mitochondrial energy generation system were significantlydown-regulated in all treated larvae. Considering the distinct structure and mode of action of the five insecticides tested,the differentially expressed genes identified in this study appear to be involved in general chemical defense at the initialstage of intoxication. Their possible roles in the tolerance/resistance development were discussed.

Meteorus Haliday is a cosmopolitan genus of the subfamily Euphorinae. This genus comprises more than 330 describedspecies (Muesebeck, 1923; Zitani and Shaw 2002; Zitani, 2003; Shaw and Nishida 2005; Stigenberg, 2008; Aguirre etal., 2015). Most species of Meteorus are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera larvae (Huddleston,1980; Shaw and Huddleston, 1991). In this study, four species of Meteorus are reported for the first time from Korea:Meteorus brevicauda Thomson, M. colon (Haliday), M. kunashiricus Belokobylskij, and M. vexator (Haliday). Diagnosis,distribution, and host information are provided for each species.

Food fortification is defined as the addition of nutrients at levels higher than those found in the original food to improve nutritional quality. Oyster mushrooms generally contain low calcium. This present study focused on the Ca absorption efficacy of Pleurotus florida using eggshell powder, oyster shell powder and agricultural lime. Various concentrations (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) of different calcium sources were added to the rice straw – based formulation. Duration of days from inoculation to mycelial colonization, primordial formation, fruiting body development were evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of Ca sources on the total yield and biological efficiency were also noted. Results revealed that addition of Ca sources on the formulated substrates generally lengthens time of mycelial ramification, primordial formation and fruiting body development. ESP-supplemented substrate generally increased the size of the cap but not greatly affected the stipe length and diameter of the fruiting bodies. On the other hand, the influence of addition of OSP increases cap size but decreases stipe length and diameter. Finally, for the incorporation of AGL, it was observed that size of cap of the fruiting bodies generally decreased in size, shortened the stipe and influence of AGL to the stipe diameter may vary depending on the concentration. Moreover, Ca supplementation increases the yield, biological efficiency and Ca content of P. florida. The highest yield from the substrate supplemented with eggshell powder was recorded at 8% concentration with 194.80g and biological efficiency of 36.26%. Substrate with 8% oyster shell powder resulted with the highest yield of 176.80g with biological efficiency of 33.92%. For agricultural lime supplemented substrate, the highest yield was observed in 6% concentration with 186.40g and biological efficiency of 35.51%. Optimum Ca content absorbed by P. florida was recorded in 6% ESP (140mg/100g dried sample), 10% OSP (105mg/100g dried sample) and 8% AGL (170mg/100g dried sample). These findings imply that addition of Ca on rice straw-based substrate can significantly improve yield, biological efficiency, and Ca content of the fruiting bodies.