Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have attracted a growing interest as an alternative for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). AEMs are the most important components of AEMFCs, and it’s a great challenge to attain high ion conductivity, good dimensional, mechanical and alkaline stabilities for AEMs. We prepared poly(ether sulfone ketone)s having various hydrophilic-hydrophobic block ratios, and investigated the effect of the block composition on the chemo-physical properties of the corresponding membranes. The experimental procedures and the properties, including conductivity, morphology and stability will be discussed in detail.

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are getting attention as delivery system for nutraceuticals due to its low toxicity and higher loading efficiency of active ingredients. However, the cytotoxicity of NLC had not fully evaluated especially on neuroblastoma. In this study, cytotoxicity of NLC and curcumin-loaded NLC (C-NLC) were evaluated on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells investigating cell morphology, mitochondrial activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared to H2O2 treatment as a positive control. As a result, the metabolic activity was inhibited about 40% by 250ppm of NLC along with morphological change. C-NLC exhibited 50% inhibitory effect on mitochondrial activity at 500ppm, which was lower than NLC itself. Moreover, NLCs significantly induced ROS production which was recognized as one of the indicators of cytotoxicity generated by NLCs. In conclusion, lower cytotoxic effect was observed with NLC on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma based on ROS production and these investigation could be used for further application of NLC in food industry.

Stream of afterglow of an atmospheric pressure plasma can conveniently be used for large scale decontamination operations. In the present study, an afterglow dielectric-barrier discharge air plasma (ADDAP) was used to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a model microorganism for studying the plasma inactivation effect. The plasma was generated at current levels in the range of 0.4 - 0.8 A. The power consumption of ADDAP generation system ranged 169.5 - 221.9 W with respect to the current intensity range. At this current level, the temperature observed in the treatment chamber remained less than 30℃. Regarding chemical composition of ADDAP in the treatment chamber, NOx species were predominantly generated. The levels of NOx species increased as the current intensity increases and the maximum NO and NO2, concentrations noted were 6 and 4 ppm, respectively, but that of CO was less than 1 ppm level at 0.8 A. Upon treating with the ADDAP generated at 0.4 - 0.8 A for 180 min, E. coli O157:H7 showed 1.24 – 2.71 log reductions. The inactivation patterns exhibited better fit to Weibull-tail model. The comparison of delta values indicated that superior inactivation effects were observed as the current intensity increased.

Residual detergents and surfactants on utensils have brought about health issues because they can be absorbed to human digestion system together with containing foods. In the present study, a dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP) was used to explore the applicability of non-thermal plasma for the degradation of residual surfactants and dishwashing detergents in order to reduce the intake of the residues remaining on utensils as the result of incomplete rinsing during dishwashing procedures. DBDP was generated at current intensity 2.0 - 3.0 A, and electrode gap 2.5 mm. Diluted dishwashing detergents and surfactants were spotted on slide glasses and exposed to DBDP for different periods of time. The results indicated that the dishwashing detergents and surfactants were degraded by 46.9 - 84.3% after up to 120 min treatments. Weibull equation was the best fit model to the degradation patterns of surfactants, and the decimal degradation time(δ) of 180.2 - 688.9 min were observed according to currents. Surfactants contained in detergents were degraded more effectively than the surfactants themselves. Among the anion surfactants, DDBS was more rapidly degraded than LAS and ABS.

Curry ingredients such as turmeric, coriander, cumin, fennel, fenugreek often contain microbial contaminants. Our preliminary analysis showed that microbial contamination in fenugreek was relatively higher than other ingredients, and therefore the decontamination using a non-thermal plasma was performed to enhance its microbial quality. Corona discharge plasma jet (CDPJ) was used for the decontamination of fenugreek seeds. The results showed that aerobic bacteria were decreased by 0.88 - 2.51 log units, and yeast and mold exhibited the reduction of 0.58-1.95 log units with the treatment for 20 min. For the microbial inactivation pattern, the Weibull model gave the best distribution fit among the models tried. The decontamination effect of the CDPJ was enhanced with the decrease of the distance from the plasma electrode, and with the increase of the current intensity. The effect of the plasma treatment on antioxidant capacity of fenugreek seed was also investigated, and the obtained results indicated that total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging ability were unaffected by the treatment at a current intensity of 1.00 A regardless the treatment distance from the electrode, whereas significant increases were observed with the treatment at 1.25 A and 1.50 A currents.

『환상록』의 근거가 되는 환상록 서류로 알려진 자료를 보면 덜 확정적인 데, 자동기술로 채워진 노트북이나 묶지 않은 서류들, 꿈의 기록들, 카드 카탈로그, 원고초안들은 예이츠와 부인 조지가 공동으로 만든 것들이다. 그러나, 출판된 『환상록』만큼의 저자의 권위는 없겠지만, 이 서류들의 전개과정을 검토함으로써 예이츠와 조지가 가진 체계에 대한 생각을 들여다볼 수 있는 창문의 역할을 할 것이다. 즉, 예이츠가 통상의 시간의 영역 밖으로 시간을 확장하는 것을 전경화시키는 창인 것이다. 그리고 거기서 시간은 그의 작품 속에서 본래의 역할을 하는데, 순간을 세고, 영원을 포용하고, 상징적 힘으로 울림을 만든다.

An electroless deposition method was used to modify the surface properties of rice husk ceramic particles (RHC) by depositing nano-nickel on the surface of the RHC (Ni-RHC). The dry tribological performances of aluminum matrix composite adobes containing different contents of RHC and Ni-RHC particles have been investigated using a micro-tribometer. Results showed that the Ni–RHC particles substantially improved both the friction and wear properties of the Ni-RHC/aluminum matrix adobes. The optimal concentration was determined to be 15 wt% for both the RHC and Ni–RHC particles. The improvements in the tribological properties of aluminum adobes including the Ni-RHC were ascribed to frictioninduced peeling off of Ni coating and formation of protection layer on the wear zone, both of which led to low friction and wear volume.

In this research, a novel and efficient quinoline thioacetamide functionalized magnetic graphene oxide composite (GO@Fe3O4@QTA) was synthesized and utilized for dispersive magnetic solid phase preconcentration of Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions in urine and various food samples. A number of diverse methods were employed for characterization of the new nanosorbent. The design of experiments approach and response surface methodology were applied to monitor and find the parameters that affect the extraction performance. After sorption and elution steps, the concentrations of target analytes were measured by employing FAAS. The highest extraction performance was achieved under the following experimental conditions: pH, 5.8; sorption time, 6.0 min; GO@Fe3O4@QTA amount, 17 mg; 2.4 mL 1.1 mol L-l HNO3 solution as the eluent and elution time, 13.0 min. The detection limit is 0.02 and 0.2 ng mL-1 for Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions, respectively. The accuracy of the new method was investigated by analyzing two certified reference materials (sea food mix, Seronorm LOT NO 2525 urine powder). The interfering study revealed that there are no interferences from commonly occurring ions on the extractability of target ions. Finally, the new method was satisfactorily employed for rapid extraction and determination of target ions in urine and various food samples.

Adsorption is one of the best methods for wastewater purification. The fact that water quality is continuously decreasing requires the development of novel, effective and cost available adsorbents. Herein, a simple procedure for the preparation of a magnetic adsorbent from agricultural waste biomass and ferrofluid has been introduced. Specifically, ferrofluid mixed with wheat straw was directly pyrolyzed either by microwave irradiation (900 W, 30 min) or by conventional heating (550°C, 90 min). Magnetic biochars were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, textural analysis and tested as adsorbents of As(V) oxyanion and cationic methylene blue, respectively. Results showed that microwave pyrolysis produced char with high adsorption capacity of As(V) (Qm= 25.6 mg g–1 at pH 4), whereas conventional pyrolysis was not so effective. In comparison to conventional pyrolysis, one-step microwave pyrolysis produced a material with expressive microporosity, having a nine times higher value of specific surface area as well as total pore volume. We assumed that sorption properties are also caused by several iron-bearing composites identified by Mössbauer spectroscopy ([super] paramagnetic Fe2O3, α-Fe, non-stoichiometric Fe3C, γ-Fe2O3, γ-Fe) transformed from nano-maghemite presented in the ferrofluid. Methylene blue was also more easily removed by magnetic biochar prepared by microwaves (Qm=144.9 mg g–1 at pH 10.9) compared to using conventional techniques.

Pollution of chloride ion-reinforced concrete can trigger active corrosion processes that reduce the useful life of structures. Multifunctional materials used as a counter-electrode by electrochemical techniques have been used to rehabilitate contaminated concrete. Cement-based pastes added to carbonaceous material, fibers or dust, have been used as an anode in the non-destructive Electrochemical Chloride Extraction (ECE) technique. We studied the performance of the addition of Carbon Fiber (CF) in a cement-graphite powder base paste used as an anode in ECE of concretes contaminated with chlorides from the preparation of the mixture. The experimental parameters were: 2.3% of free chlorides, 21 days of ECE application, a Carbon Fiber Volume Fraction (CFVF) of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9%, a lithium borate alkaline electrolyte, a current density of 4.0 A / m2 and a cement/graphite ratio of 1.0 for the paste. The efficiency of the ECE in the traditional technique using metal mesh as an anode was 77.6% and for CFVF of 0.9% it was 90.4%, with a tendency to increase to higher percentages of the CFVF in the conductive cement-graphite paste, keeping the pH stable and achieving a homogeneous ECE in the mass of the concrete contaminated with chlorides.

The effects of cold storage temperature and exposure duration on immature stages of spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) on ‘Campbell Early’ grapes were examined to establish a phytosanitary control method. The immature stages (eggs, larvae and pupae) of SWD were all dead after a 6-day cold treatment at 1°C and 8-day cold treatment at 1.5 and 2°C. Small-scale tests using pupae, which were the most-cold tolerant stage, confirmed the validity of the selected temperature and exposure durations. Conversely, the 8- and 10-day at 1°C treatments showed 100% mortality, suggesting that these treatments can guarantee quarantine security against infestations of SWD on exported ‘Campbell Early’ grapes.

Matsucoccus thunbergianae is the main forest insect pest of the Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii) in the west, south and east coast of South Korea. The main damage pattern appears to be the cumulative damage over many years by the second instar fixed under the pine bark. The adult male has a pair of wings and is attracted sex pheromone emanating from the adult female so that during the mating period (Generally, middle period of March) adult male is attracted to the adult female which has no wing. Using this mating behavior from the adult male, we developed sex pheromone trap to reduce mating success rate by reducing the density of the adult male in the field. In this study, In the indoor induction experiments and the field experiments, sex pheromone trap showed high induction effect on the adult male. Thus, we expect to reduce the damage to the Japanese Black Pine by Matsucoccus thunbergianae.