This paper describes the initial operations and preliminary results of the Instrument for the study of Stable/Storm-time Space (ISSS) onboard the microsatellite Next Generation Small Satellite-1 (NEXTSat-1), which was launched on December 4, 2018 into a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 575 km with an orbital inclination angle of 97.7°. The spacecraft and the instruments have been working normally, and the results from the observations are in agreement with those from other satellites. Nevertheless, improvement in both the spacecraft/instrument operation and the analysis is suggested to produce more fruitful scientific results from the satellite operations. It is expected that the ISSS observations will become the main mission of the NEXTSat-1 at the end of 2020, when the technological experiments and astronomical observations terminate after two years of operation.

일반촬영의 저관전압 촬영에서 발생되는 저 에너지 X-선은 신체에 흡수가 많고 영상 품질 향상에는 도 움을 주지 못한다. 본 연구에서는 일반 촬영에서 적정 농도를 유지하면서 환자의 피폭 선량을 줄이기 위해 농도에 따른 관전압 15%법칙과 농도에 비례하는 관전류량을 이용하여 면적 선량과 입사표면선량을 측정 하여 환자의 피폭선량을 비교하였다. Hand, Knee, Abdomen, Skull 촬영에서 kVp를 115%까지 증가하면서 mAs를 50%까지 감소시키고, kVp를 85%까지 감소시키고 mAs를 200%까지 증가시키면서 면적선량과 입사표 면선량을 측정하여 각각의 선량을 비교하였다. 그리고 각 영상의 5군데를 정하여 농도를 측정하고 Kruskal wallis H 검증을 하여 집단–간의 유의확률을 알아보았다. 농도를 일정하게하기 위해 관전압을 115%로 증가 하고, 관전류를 50%로 감소시킨 조건에서 각 부위별 평균 면적선량과 입사표면선량을 측정한 결과 기준 선량을 100%로 할 때 각각 58.68%, 59.85%로 감소하고, 관전압을 85%로 감소하고 관전류를 200%로 증가시킨 조건에서 각각 147.28%, 159.9%로 증가하였다. 농도 변화를 비교한 결과 Hand, Knee, Abdomen, Skull 촬영 모두 유의확률 >0.05 나타나 농도 변화는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 해상력과 대조도에 영향을 주지 않는 범위에서 적정한 계산을 통해 관전압을 증가시키고 관전류를 낮게 해서 촬영하는 것이 적정농도를 유지하면서 환자의 피폭 선량을 줄이는 간단한 방법으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 Bruner의 일상교수(folk pedagogy)의 아이디어에 기반하여 현행 수업 방법의 문제점을 비판해보고 학교 수업을 개선할 수 있는 새로운 교육과정과 수업 방법을 탐구하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 다음과 같이 세 가지 연구문제를 설정하였다. 첫째, Bruner의 Folk pedagogy의 아이디어에 들어있는 의미와 특성은 무엇이며, 현행 수업 방법에는 어떤 문제점이 있는가? 둘째, Bruner의 Folk pedagogy의 기본 입장은 무엇이며 수업 방법과는 어떤 관련성이 있는가? 셋째, Bruner의 Folk pedagogy에 기반한 수업 방법은 어떻게 개발될 수 있으며 그것은 실제의 학교 교육에 어떠한 시사점을 제공할 수 있는가? 이상의 문제를 해결하기 위하여 관련 문헌을 분석하였다. 논의에 의하면, Bruner의 일상교수(folk pedagogy)는 마음이 여기에서 지금 어떻게 작용하는지, 아동의 마음이 어떻게 학습하는지, 무엇이 마음을 성장시키는지에 관심을 가지는 일상심리(folk psychology)에 기반하고 있다. 인간의 신념에는 문화가 반영되어 있고 그러한 신념을 갖고 있는 인간의 의도적인 언어나 행위로 인간의 마음을 탐구하는 일상심리(folk psychology)를 교육에 적용한 것이 일상교수(folk pedagogy)이다. 교사의 교수 방법이나 교육적 성향은 교사 내면에 자리 잡고 있는 학습자에 대해 가지고 있는 교사의 생각이나 신념의 영향을 받고 교수·학습상황에서 나타난다. 따라서 교사는 아동들이 어떻게 생각하여 그 지식을 획득하게 되었는지를 파악하여 교수·학습 상황에서 아이들을 도울 수 있는 수업 방법을 연구해야 한다.

본 연구에서는 섬광결정과 광센서의 정렬 오차가 TOF-PET 검출기 성능에 미치는 영향성을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 한 쌍 TOF-PET 검출기는 3 mm × 3 mm × 20 mm 체적을 갖는 LYSO 섬광체와 3.07 mm × 3.0 7 mm 크기의 GAPD 광센서로 구성된다. 아날로그 출력신호는 증폭 및 균일도 보정이 수행되었고, 오실로스코프 기반 데이터 획득 장치에서 신호처리되었다. 각 검출기 정렬 오차는 0.0 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm 를 각각 적용하여 총 16단계의 정렬 오차를 발생시켰다. 검출기 정렬 오차가 증가함에 따라 광절정위 치는 약 400 mV에서 약 250 mV로 감소하였다. 또한, 에너지분해능은 11.6%에서 16.2%로, 시간분해능은 477 ps에서 632 ps로 저하되었다. 이 결과는 검출기 정렬 오차가 TOF-PET 검출기 성능저하에 큰 영향성을 내포함을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the method of estimating the areal precipitation reflecting the altitude of the mountainous terrain on Jeju Island by comparing and analyzing the areal precipitation using the Thiessen polygon method and the isohyetal method in mountainous streams. In terms of constructing the Thiessen polygon network, rainfall errors occurred in 94.5% and 45.8% of the Thiessen area ratio of the Jeju and Ara stations, respectively. This resulted in large areal precipitation and errors using the isohyetal method at altitudes below 600 m in the target watershed. In contrast, there were small errors in the highlands. Rainfall errors occurred in 18.91% of the Thiessen area ratio of Eorimok, 2.41% of Witseoreum, and 2.84% of Azalea Field because of the altitudinal influence of stations located in the highlands at altitudes above 600 m. Based on the areal precipitation estimation using the Thiessen polygon method, it was considered to be partially applicable to streams on Jeju Island depending on the altitude. However, the method is not suitable for mountainous streams such as the streams on Jeju Island because errors occur with altitude. Therefore, the isohyetal method is considered to be more suitable as it considers the locations of the rainfall stations and the orographic effect and because there are no errors with altitude.

The paper examines the effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the economic growth of Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) between 1993 and 2015. The investigation is based on the influence of growth and economic absorptive capability determinants such as human capital, trade openness, and institutional quality. The methodological analysis uses a multivariate framework accounting capital stock, labor stock, FDI, human capital, trade openness, and institutional quality in regression of the Vector Autoregressive model. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Johansen Cointegration test, and Granger Causality test were applied as parts of the econometric time-series analysis approach. The empirical results demonstrate the positive effects of FDI and trade openness, and the negative effects of human capital and institutional quality on the economic growth of the Lao PDR over the 1993 to 2015 period. The findings confirm that trade openness complemented by a sufficient level of infrastructure, education, quality institutions, and transparency significantly influence economic growth and attract more FDI. Research results lend credence to the need for the Lao PDR’s government to focus on improving its economic absorptive capability and economic competitiveness regionally and globally by improving wealth and resource management strategies, as failure to take this course of action could lead to the Dutch Disease effects.

Purpose – Recently, the fourth industrial revolution is rapidly progressing, and the central government-led innovation system is not able to flexibly cope with changes in science and the economy and society. To solve these problems, it is necessary for local governments, which can easily identify and flexibly respond to local sites, to become self-centered and ready to respond more quickly to massive changes. Through this research, this study investigated the awareness of the elements of Jeonnam Province's capabilities in the field of science and technology policy, the importance of R&D, and how network cooperation among the base institutions might affect performance. Research design, data, and methodology – In fact, the data used in this study only 115 people were polled, excluding five who did not respond to the necessary variables. The methods of the survey were sampled, and the means of the survey were investigated via a self-contained electronic file (e-mail). Statistical analysis, including hypothesis verification, was performed by SPSS 19. The regression analysis was used. Results – All factors significantly affect performance by dividing them into five sub-fields: R&D strategic establishment, R&D demand survey, R&D planning, R&D evaluation, and R&D project management. These results suggest the importance and need for local scientific technology policy capabilities. Besides, it was confirmed that the relationship between regional science and technology policy capabilities and performance was moderated by the recognition of the importance of science technology and network cooperation among the core organizations. Conclusions – As a result, independent variables regarding the capabilities of each scientific technology policy were found to be statistically significant and have a significant effect on performance. Second, the regression analysis has shown the moderation effects of R&D importance awareness between the capabilities of science and technology policies and their performance. On the other hand, a regression analysis showing that the capabilities of science and technology policies and network cooperation between the base regions were not significant, indicating that there is no effect of moderation of network cooperation between the base regions between the capabilities of science and technology policies and performance.

The independence movement during the Japanese Military Rule during 1910s was definitively not occlusive. Movements toward Korean independence continued both within and outside the peninsula during this period, and the energy of resistance was continually accumulating. Because of capabilities for autonomy, the March First Movement could respond more efficiently to international context after the end of World War I. Compared to the May Fourth Movement of China or the Rice Riots of Japan, the March First Movement was peculiar in that it was a relatively large-scale, pan-Korean independence movement. The experience of the March First Movement for the Korean people served as the fundamental matrix of subsequent independence movements and as part and parcel of their ethno-national, historical memory, was transported through liberation from Japan’s colonial rule down to today’s unification movement. Analysis of the specific plans for independence movements and the actual activities of the Korean national representatives vis-à-vis records of examination from the police, prosecution, and each level of the judicial court as well as pilot studies demonstrates that at the outset, the plans for the movement did not envisage pan-Korean demonstrations or coalition with students. The limitations of the independence movements by the national representatives were in fact overcome by the actual conduct of the masses that began at T’apgol Park on March 1, 1919.