외래 병해충의 유입이 증가 하고 있고 이들의 유입 및 확산 경로 규명을 위하여 분자 유전학적 분석 방법이 이용되고 있는 실정이며, 본 연구는 외래 해충인 Reticulitermes kanmonensis의 유전적 특성을 분석하기 위한 초위성체마 커(microsatellite)를 문헌을 통해 탐색하였고, NGS(Next-Gen Sequencing) 기술을 통해 새로운 초위성체마커를 개발하였 다. 문헌을 통해 Reticulitermes속에서 개발된 마커29개와 NGS를 통해 선발된 25개의 마커를 탐색 하여, 이중 증폭 및 유용성이 있는 18개의 마커를 선정하였다. 선정된 단일 마커들을 이용하여 6개의 multiplex PCR set 및 증폭 조건을 수립하여 집단유전학 분석에 활용하고자 한다.

Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii are the species of the family Drosophilidae. Although these two fruit flies are taxonomically close species, D. suzukii is thought to be evolutionally adapted to the flesh or maturing fruits, whereas D. melanogaster is adapted to more fermented environments. According to the previous studies, several environmental toxins, such as acetic acid, ethanol, methanol and phenylacetate, ect., have been identified from rotten fruit and fermentation procedures. Considering the differences of distinct habitat between two flies, D. melanogaster is hypothesized to exhibit higher tolerance to the chemical toxins than D. suzukii. Therefore, in this study, we compared the tolerance and susceptibility of two fruit flies to three chemicals (acetic acid, ethanol, 2-phenlyethano).

Honey bee has been widely used as a model insect for biological sciences because of its sociality and specialized labor division. For the investigation of the seasonal and labor-dependent expression patterns of genes putatively involved in its sociality, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) can be applied to quantify gene expression level and selection of reliable reference gene(s) for normalization is an accurate step. In this study, using three softwares (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper), we evaluated seasonal expression stabilities of four reference genes that have been widely used for qRT-PCR in forager and nurse heads. Among four candidates, two genes, rpS18 and gapdh, were suggested to be the optimal reference genes for qRT-PCR.

Henryana Yoshimoto, 1983 is a rare genus in Tetrastichinae, Eulophidae with only one species known from USA and Brazil. A species of the genus is newly recognized in South Korea. The genus has peculiar characters for a tetrastichine species. The genus can be easily distinguished from other genera by following characters: head with postgenal sulcus and with strongly swollen gena; vertex extending much higher that dorsal margin of eye; submarginal vein with usually 3 short dorsal setae that are in distinct contrast to the very long setae on marginal vein; entire body extremely elongated. Images and description of diagnostic characters are given in the present study.

In this study, we developed 12 microsatellite markers specific to N. pygmaea using Illumina paired-end sequencing. Forty individuals of N. pygmaea collected from three currently known localities in South Korea were genotyped to validate these markers and to preliminarily assess population genetic characteristics. No locus showed significant deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Our preliminary data indicate an absence of inbreeding in all populations and an absence of obvious genetic difference. The microsatellite markers developed in this study will be useful for studying the population genetics of N. pygmaea collected from other regions, including additional sites in South Korea.

The Acoptolabrus changeonleei Ishikawa et Kim, 1983 (Coleoptera: Carabidae), has been listed as an endangered insect in South Korea. The complete mitochondrial genome of the species was 16,831 bp with a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes [PCGs], 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and one non-coding region, with the arrangement identical to that observed in most insect genomes. Phylogenetic analyses with concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs and 2 rRNA genes, using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum-likelihood (ML) methods, placed A. changeonleei as a sister to the within-subfamilial species Damaster mirabilissimus in Carabinae, with the highest nodal support by both analyses.

Previously, a partial mitochondrial COI and CytB gene sequences have been used to infer genetic diversity and gene flow of the species. In this study, we additionally collected C. tripartitus from one previous and two new localities, sequenced the COI and CytB genes. Sequence divergence of current samples showed slightly lower values, but nearly equivalent to previous study. Haplotype diversity was still high and nucleotide diversity indicating that Seogwi-dong showed the highest estimates in both gene sequences. Gene flow among populations is high, but a significance difference was detected between Gulupdo and Anmado; and between Gulupdo and Seogwi-dong only in COI sequences (P < 0.05). Considering the high genetic diversity and gene flow in C. tripartitus populations, one of the major issues regarding conservation seems not to be the recovery of genetic diversity as has been suggested before.

Previous phylogenetic results often showed fluctuating positions of Geometroidea in Macroheterocera, particularly from mitochondrial genome (mitogenome)-based analyses. In this study, we sequenced mitogenomes of four geometrid moths to increase taxon diversity for the inference of phylogenetic positions of Geometroidea in Macroheterocera. The general genomic features found in Macroheterocera also were found in the four geometrid moths. Phylogenetic analyses using 71 representative mitogeneome sequences in Macroheterocera yielded the consensus superfamilial relationships (((((Bombycoidea + Lasiocampoidea) + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea) + Drepanoidea) + Mimallonoidea), confirming the sister relationship of Geometroidea to (Bombycoidea + Lasiocampoidea) in both Bayesian Inference and Maximum-likelihood method.

One species of the genus Schizoprymnus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Helconinae) is reported in this study. The genus Schizoprymnus is a braconid group distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, which include currently nine species in South Korea. In this study, Schizoprymnus terebralis Snoflk, 1953 is recognized for the first time in South Korea. Descriptions, diagnosis distribution and illustration are provided.

국내 미기록종인 Corticaria elongata (Gyllenhal, 1827)는 딱정벌레목(Coleoptera), 섶벌레과(Lathridiidae)에 속하는 종으로 유럽과 북아프리카, 아프카니스탄, 네팔, 파키스탄, 터키, 인도, 러시아, 중국, 일본 등에 서식하고 있는 것으로 기록되어 있고 국내에는 전북 완주군에서 2015년 8월에 처음으로 채집되었다. 크기는 1.49mm이며 폭은 0.6mm이고, 높이는 0.34mm이다. 긴 타원형 모양이며 양쪽 측면은 평형에 가깝고, 등면은 적당히 솟아올랐다. 몸 색깔은 연한 갈색 혹은 짙은 노란색이고, 더듬이와 다리는 연한 노란색이다. 표피는 부드러운 털로 덮여있으며 털은 길고 기울어져있다.

지난 18년간(2000~2018년 3월) 검역현장에서 검출된 해충의 종류는 1,980종이다. 이중 딱정벌레목은 전체의 42.6% (곤충은 1,707종으로 86.2%)로 검역적으로 매우 중요하며, 여기에서 가는납작벌레과(Silvanidae)는 딱정벌레목 머리대 장상과에 포함되고, 이들의 검출 종은 21종, 횟수는 15,516회로 가장 많은 비율을 차지한다. 최근 18년간 검출률 결과 Ahasverus sdvana(쌀머리대장)로 6,404회로 가장 많이 검출되었으며, Slivanus didentatus(두니가는납작벌레)는 6,225회, Oryzaephilus surinamensis(머리대장가는납작벌레)는 1,123회, Oryzaephilus mercator(곡물가는납작벌레)는 415 회의 검출률을 보여준다. 가는납작벌레과는 딱정벌레목중 가장많은 검출률을 보이는 과로 검역현장에서 매우 중요한 과에 속한다. 본 연구는 검역과정에서 검출되는 가는납작벌레과 곤충 중 검역현장에서 최초로 발견된 Monanus 속의 한 종을 발견하여 보고 한다.

The family Monotomidae Laporte includes about 240 species placed in 33 genera worldwide and five species in three genera have been recorded to date in the Korean Peninsula. Mimemodes Reitter contains 15 species occurring worldwide including nine Palaearctic species, of which five are recorded in Japan. In the Korean Peninsula, the genus and a single species, Mimemodes emmerichi Mader, were first recorded by Kang et al. In the present study, we report an additional Korean species of the genus, namely Mimemodes cribratus (Reitter). We provide a redescription, images of habitus and diagnostic characters of the species along with a key to Korean species of Monotomidae.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pest species devastating many horticultural and ornamental crops and fruit trees. In the present study, a field strain was collected in January 2001 and has been selected for sixteen years with acequinocyl. The resistance ratio calculated from the LC50 of eggs and adults was 191- and 4,237-fold, respectively. The laboratory-selected acequinocyl resistance (LSAR16) strain was screened with 11 acaricides for cross-resistance. The detoxifying enzyme activities and quantitative real-time PCR analysis were performed in the LSAR16 strain. Crossing experiments revealed that LSAR16 strain was inherited maternally, incompletely dominant and monogenic. Most importantly, we identified two new point-mutations at mitochondrial cytb from acequinocyl resistant T. urticae.

The susceptibility of the Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella intonsa was evaluated using 46 commercial insecticides. There were 10 kinds of insecticides as benfuracarb, chlorfenapyr, spinetoram, spinosad, abamectin + chlorfenapyr, abamectin + emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr + clothianidin, chlorfenapyr + imidacloprid, clothianidin + spinetoram and dinotefuran + spinetoram, which showed more than 90% mortality against both thrips, F. occidentalis and F. intonsa. Since the F. intonsa is more susceptible than F. occidentalis, it is considered that both thrips can be controlled by insecticides that show insecticidal activity on the F. occidentalis. The effect by the elapsed time after treatment of 10 kinds of insecticides was analyzed as LT50 and LT95 values. Benfuracarb was the fastest in 4.3 h (LT50) and 14 h (LT95), and spinetoram showed the most late time at 13.5 h (LT50) and 62.3 h (LT95), respectively.

Beauveria bassiana (Bb) is a potential biopesticide against western flower thrips. To understand molecular characteristics of two Bb isolates (ERL836 and JEF-007), whole genome sequencing and RNA-seq were performed. The whole genome of Bb ERL836 was sequenced (3,934,801,443 bp) using Pacbio sequencing and 15 contigs were analyzed. To understand the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity in two Bb genome (before infection and after infection), next generation sequencing (NGS) was analyzed to compare transcriptomes. A result of differentially expressed gene (DEG) showed that 2,689 contigs were up-regulated and 2,619 contigs were down-regulated. Randomly selected five genes were validated to be highly up-regulated. This work can provide an understanding of the interaction between Bb and westetn flower thrips.

국내에 서식하는 곤충병원선충 유래 공생세균에 대한 라이브러리 사업이 진행되고 있다. 이 과정 중에 현재까지 4 분류군의 공생세균이 감염된 곤충의 혈림프로 부터 분리되었다. 생화학 특성 분석 결과 이들 세균은 모두 장내세균의 특징을 지니고 있었다. 이들 모두는 파밤나방에 대한 높은 살충력을 지녔으며 Xenorhabdus 속의 균주 특성을 지니고 있었다. 이들의 종 동정은 16S rDNA 서열을 바탕으로 확인하였고, 이러한 동정 결과는 이들 세균의 성장에 이용되는 탄소원 특성으로 뒷받침하였다. 현재까지 동정 결과는 X. bovienii 한 종이 이들 공생세균에 포함되어 있다.

현재 국내에 서식하는 곤충병원선충에 대한 라이브러리 사업이 계획되고 있다. 이 과정 중에 현재까지 Steinernema와 Heterorhabditis 속에 속한 12 분류군을 정리하고 있다. 이 가운데 7 분류군이 증식되었고 4 분류군이 선충과 공생세균의 동정이 실시되고 있다. 이들 4 분류군은 모두 Steinernema 속한 종으로 판단된다. 이들 Steinernema 선충의 감염태는 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua) 5 령 유충에 대해서 차등성있는 살충력을 나타내어 유전적 차이를 암시하였다.

Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in forest is considered as a serious forest pest in pine trees. In this study, we collected entomopathogenic fungi from soil and assessed their virulence against the adults of the inset using a spray method in laboratory condition. Two entomopathogeinc fungi isolates showed high virulence against the adults. In the concentration of 1.0 × 107conidia/ml, the mortality rate of the adults were 53% and 60%. In semi-field condition, one isolate showed a virulence of 60% against the adult. Consequently, we confirmed the possibility of the fungal isolates in controlling the beetles. In near the future, we will investigate several factors which is possibly related to the control of the forest insect pest using entomopathogenic fungi in field conditions, given the importance of fungal formulation and practical application methods.

The hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is one of the vectors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) causing in humans, however little consideration was given to the biological control of the pest. Therefore, this study provides a screening method to select entomopathogenic fungi, having high virulence against H. longicornis. The virulence test was conducted by dipping method with a conidial suspension (1×107 conidia/ml). As a result, cadavers of H. longicornis infected with entomopathogenic fungi were obtained by this method. Based on this results, we selected several isolates having high virulence to H. longicornis. We suggest that, selected isolates in this study can be used for the control of H. longicornis.

오리엔탈과실파리는 동남아시아에서 유래한 주요 검역해충으로써 북쪽으로 중국 본토, 인도의 고위도 지역 및 중국남부의 고지대까지 그 범위가 확산되고 있다. 우리는 오리엔탈과실파리의 알려진 분포와 계절적 발생동향, 확산경로로부터 오리엔탈과실파리가 월동가능한 상한선을 결정하였다. 이 상한선으로부터 CLIMEX의 종 매개변수를 결정하고 RCP8.5 기후변화 시나리오를 따르는 국내 미래 기후도를 이용하여 오리엔탈과실파리에 대한 향후 우리나라 의 기후적합성을 검정하였다. 국내에서의 기후적합성의 검토는 이 해충의 잠재적인 정착능력과 영향에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공한다.