Naegleria fowleri is pathogenic free-living amoeba leading to primary amoebic meningoencephalitis(PAM) in human and animals. The nfa1 gene cloned from N. fowleri is located on food-cup structure called pseudopodia and function an adherence of host target cells. To evaluate the effect of nfa1 vaccination against N. fowleri infection, we constructed retroviral vector(pQCXIN) expressing nfa1 gene. To determine the effect of vaccination and protective immunity in in vivo models, we measured the immunoglobulin levels, cytokine induction, and survival rate in mice infected with N. fowleri. Both levels of IgG and IgG subclass in DNA vaccinated mice were significantly elevated. The cytokine analysis show that DNA vaccinated mice induces production of IL-4 and IFN-γcytokines suggesting a Th1/Th2 mixed type immune response. The levels of nfa1 specific IgG antibody were maintained highly until 12 weeks post-vaccination in vaccinted mice. The nfa1 vaccinated mice using retroviral vector increased significantly survival rate(60%) after N. fowleri infection. Consequently, the nfa1 vaccination effectively induces protective immunity by upregulation of immune response in mice infected with N. fowleri. These results suggest that DNA vaccination using retroviral vector may be proper trial for treatment and prevention of PAM.

This plan attempts to rigorously analyze the location characteristics and surroundings of the Ungpo village from the perspective of rural landscape planning. On the basis of the analysis, a strategy for developing the village as a rural tourist hub is established by determining characteristic attractions. The ultimate objectives of this plan are to create a good living environment for the local people and provide memorable attractions to visitors, which are expected to increase the incomes and revive local community. In other words, this plan conceives a village that is an attractive place to visit and also a good place to live. The planning procedure included an analysis of the current situation, basic concept, basic plan, and landscape plan. The characteristics of this plan are as follows. First, the natural features and surroundings of the Ungpo village were reflected in designing a rural tourist hub. Second, the current infrastructure was considered in the basic plan to create a sustainable rural tourism environment. Third, a water experience space is included in order to create an amusing and exciting tour. Fourth, the existing facilities will be remodeled to create amenities for visitors. Fifth, the main focus of the plan includes the landscape plan, increasing the visibility of streets, and connecting nearby tourist attractions and the landmark plan around the rural tourism center.

This study created a thematic garden, entitled “Spring revisited”, in the outdoor garden section of the 2017 Goyang International Flower Festival to present the life and ideas of poet Yoon Dongju through garden culture. It used visual narrative techniques to express and present the poet’s life and the value of his literature in the language of space design. Through this method, the garden provided a holistic experience of Yoon Dongju’s selfhood and literature through indirect perceptions experienced in the space rather than as direct experience. The room of wind and time embodied the poet’s life by overlapping small pieces of blue-colored clothing, and fluttering cloths and grasses were used to represent the wind. In the room of night and stars, a black mirror expressed the night sky as a visual embodiment of his poetry. In the road of desolation, a long passage was created with walls on either side to express the desolation and agony of life to the viewers as they walked through the dark space. The path of the writing pad was modeled on a manuscript to convey the meaning of the poet’s path, and the poetic language of the poet’s masterpiece, heaven, wind, stars, and poems, were written there on. The stone grave, flower grave area combined the negative words of “stone grave” with contrasting images of stone and flower to seek a transition in the emotional atmosphere. The poet’s room was a partially open space inspired by a prison cell. A chair and a desk with a writing pad and pen reminded the viewers of the poet and helped them to experience him. The space of spring was a double meaning of the spring time he could not experience and his aspiration for the nation’s independence. At the height of the garden festival, numerous types of beautiful spring plants were presented. The significance of this study lies in its design techniques that enabled a clear presentation of the topic in the garden space to a general stream of visitors combined with the values pursued by the poet.

Understanding the identity of an urban space is one of the most important considerations for spatial planners and designers, who are charged with revealing and strengthening the space’s sense of place. However, in many cases, an urban space is regarded merely as a physical form, lacking an interpretation of various semantics, such as its history, political economy, social culture, and art. The purpose of this study is to investigate how an urban space evolves, and thus, how the social images of urban spaces can be recognized with Lefebvre’s theory. Therefore, we examine an urban district to reveal the interaction between societies and spaces through images reflected in news media and public articles, and eventually define the identity of the space. This study takes Yeonnam-dong district as its case, and carefully examines the social relations affecting spatial practices in the area by means of Lefebvre’s spatial triad: representation of space, representational space, and spatial practice. Using historical observation as a research method, we conducted a case review of Yeonnam-dong over 40 years (from 1975 to 2016). The results indicate that there have been complicated power dynamics and struggles to form the current image of Yeonnam-dong, which is still an ongoing process; this exemplifies Lefebvre's notion of the social construction of spaces. The results provide meaningful lessons for planners and designers that they should play important roles as coordinators in radical spatial changes. One of the major limitations of this study is that it does not fully examine the detailed roles of each social entity in the landscape changes, which should be investigated in further studies.

This study analyzes the structure and meaning of the landscape expressed in the Sangrimshipgyeong poem composed by King Jeongjo, which describes the Donggwol back garden in the Joseon Dynasty. The study conclusions are as follows: the landscape contents of Sangrimshipgyeong were evenly distributed in the Donggwol back garden, and jeongs, gaks, and dangs are set as view points. The landscape objects of Sangrimshipgyeong consisted of behaviors and the natural phenomena of four seasons. The poem primarily depicted daytime scene. The landscapes were distributed over the four seasons, with four spring landscapes, four autumn landscapes, one summer landscape, and one snowy landscape. The landscape structure expressed in Sangrimshipgyeong appeared to be formed around a limited view point of the building. However, the objects did not intermittently exist, but maintained organic relations in one context. It is organic and harmonious in that interplay was visualized as the pavilion extends to nature, and nature comes into the pavilion. The depiction of Sangrimshipgyeong was not only very suggestive in terms of showing the hopes and dreams of the royal culture of the Joseon Dynasty, but also interesting because they were based on the condensed ideological symbolism of a specific cultural group. Sangrimshipgyeong expresses amusement and responsiveness to the scene based on the understanding of nature in the limited space of a palace back garden. It was also full of dynamic poetic language, such as encouragement of agriculture, sericulture, rain-calling, and highest- level state examination. Sangrimshipgyeong is interpreted as a symbol of ideology and a desired landscape reflecting the cosmic resonance of political affairs and moral cultivation of a king or an heir to the throne.

This study was conducted to clarify the richness patterns of woody plants along a temperate altitudinal gradient on the Baekdudaegan ridge, South Korea. The effects of the spatial and climatic factors on the observed altitudinal richness patterns were evaluated. We also tested Rapoport’s altitudinal effect, which relates the distribution of a species’ altitudinal ranges to the patterns in species richness. Woody plant data were collected from 1100 plots on the Baekdudaegan ridge. A total of 248 woody plant species from 47 families and 99 genera were found. The altitudinal pattern of the woody plant species richness on the Baekdudaegan ridge exhibited a clear hump-shaped pattern with a peak around 800 m. Spatial factors(mid-domain effect and area) were the primary drivers in the simple linear models, whereas the climatic factors(mean annual precipitation and temperature) had lower explanatory power. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the combined interaction between spatial and climatic factors affected the altitudinal richness patterns of the overall woody plants. Furthermore, the spatial and climatic factors were more important for large- and small-ranged woody plants, respectively. The results of Stevens’ method and the midpoint method do not support Rapoport’s altitudinal effect. The results suggest that a combined interaction between spatial and climatic factors influences the richness pattern of the total woody plant species. Furthermore, the relative importance of these factors depends on the range size of the woody plants species along an altitudinal gradient on the ridge of the Baekdudaegan ridge.

The electronic and optical characteristics of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) film significantly vary with its thickness, and thus a rapid and accurate estimation of the number of MoS2 layers is critical in practical applications as well as in basic researches. Various existing methods are currently available for the thickness measurement, but each has drawbacks. Transmission electron microscopy allows actual counting of the MoS2 layers, but is very complicated and requires destructive processing of the sample to the point where it will no longer be useable after characterization. Atomic force microscopy, particularly when operated in the tapping mode, is likewise time-consuming and suffers from certain anomalies caused by an improperly chosen set point, that is, free amplitude in air for the cantilever. Raman spectroscopy is a quick characterization method for identifying one to a few layers, but the laser irradiation causes structural degradation of the MoS2. Optical microscopy works only when MoS2 is on a silicon substrate covered with SiO2 of 100~300 nm thickness. The last two optical methods are commonly limited in resolution to the micrometer range due to the diffraction limits of light. We report here a method of measuring the distribution of the number of MoS2 layers using a low voltage field emission electron microscope with acceleration voltages no greater than 1 kV. We found a linear relationship between the FESEM contrast and the number of MoS2 layers. This method can be used to characterize MoS2 samples at nanometer-level spatial resolution, which is below the limits of other methods.

This study investigated the effects of two types of corrective feedback (CF), recasts and metalinguistic feedback (implicit vs. explicit CF), on the development of implicit and explicit knowledge of English articles. It also examined the relationship between learners’ language aptitude, in particular language analytic ability, and their knowledge development through different types of CF. Six intact intermediate communication English classes (a total of 104 students and two English-speaking teachers) at a university participated in the present study. In CF groups, learners received recasts or metalinguistic feedback (MF) to the errors of the English articles during communicative activities, while no CF was given to the control group. The study employed a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest design, and four different tests were used to measure learner implicit and explicit knowledge. The study found both recasts and MF effective in the development of implicit knowledge and selective effects of recasts on the improvement of explicit knowledge. This suggests that both implicit and explicit CF bring about the development of implicit and explicit knowledge. In addition, language analytic ability was found to be closely related to learners’ gains through both CF and development of explicit and implicit knowledge of English articles.

Self-cleaning and photocatalytic TiO2 thin films were prepared by a facile sol-gel method followed by spin coating using peroxo titanic acid as a precursor. The as-prepared thin films were heated at low temperature(110 °C) and high temperature (400 °C). Thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), UVVisible spectroscopy and water contact angle measurement. XRD analysis confirms the low crystallinity of thin films prepared at low temperature, while crystalline anatase phase was found the for high temperature thin film. The photocatalytic activity of thin films was studied by the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye solution. Self-cleaning and photocatalytic performance of both low and high temperature thin films were compared.

HIV/AIDS is an important global issue in human rights and health. The United Nations Refugee Convention clearly addresses to guarantee healthcare rights to refugees at the same level as those provided to citizens. In Korea, the number of refugee applicants has surged since the enactment of the Refugee Act in 2012. Regarding human dignity and human rights, however, there are serious concerns that Korea’s healthcare laws and policies would not fully protect the right of foreigners who are suffering from financial hardship. This paper proposes the ways to improve healthcare equity by comparing the UNAIDS Guidelines to Korean policies on HIV-positive refugee applicants.

The tension of warp from trawler and sea-floor contact can generate tilt and wake turbulence around otter boards. Preliminary measurements of otter board tilt and 3-D flow velocity during bottom trawl operations were taken using a vector instrument to investigate the effects of wake turbulence at the trailing edge of the otter board. Tilt data (i.e., yaw, pitch, and roll) at 1 Hz and flow data (velocities in the towing, lateral, and vertical directions) at 16 Hz were analyzed to determine their periods and amplitudes using global wavelet and peak event analyses. The mean period (±standard deviation) of the tilt from the peak event analysis (5±2 s) was longer or double than that of flow velocity (3±2 s). The two periods also had a significant linear relationship. The turbulence rate of flow was 30-50% at the trailing edge and was closely related to roll deviation. The frequency of phase difference ratios (i.e., peak time differences between tilts and flow periods) was significantly different from random occurrence in two trials, possibly due to side tidal effects. However, in the other trials, flow peaks were random, as shown by the even peak times between tilts and flows. Future studies should focus on reducing tilt variation, wake turbulence, and bottom contact to stabilize otter board motion.