N-type porous silicon (PS) layers and thermally oxidized PS layers have been characterized by various measuring techniques such as photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy, IR, HRSEM and transmittance measurements. The top surface of PS layer shows a stronger photoluminescence peak than its bottom part, and this is ascribed to the difference in number of fine silicon particles of 2~3 nm in diameter. Observed characteristics of PL spectra are explained in terms of microstructures in the n-type PS layers. Common features for both p-type and n-type PS layers are as follows: the parts which can emit visible photoluminescence are not amorphous, but crystalline, and such parts are composed of nanocrystallites of several nm’s whose orientations are slightly different from Si substrate, and such fine silicon particles absorb much hydrogen atoms near the surfaces. Light emission is strongly dependent on such fine silicon particles. Photoluminescence is due to charge carrier confinement in such three dimensional structure (sponge-like structure). Characteristics of visible light emission from ntype PS can be explained in terms of modification of band structure accompanied by bandgap widening and localized levels in bandstructure. It is also shown that hydrogen and oxygen atoms existing on residual silicon parts play an important role on emission stability.

As the number of SNS(Weibo) users in China is growing rapidly, Chinese fashion brands are heavily dependent on SNSs as a fashion marketing communication tool. For this reason, the characteristics of SNS accounts and their influences on SNS users’ responses need to be studied. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the influences of the characteristics of Chinese fashion brands’ SNS accounts(Weibo) on the perceived usefulness of and satisfaction with the SNS acount, and brand loyalty. Data were collected via a questionnaire survey of men and women living in Beijing or Shanghai aged from 18 to 49 with experience of SNSs(Weibo). After a pilot survey of 70 subjects, the preliminary questionnaire was revised and then translated into Chinese. The questionnaire translated into Chinese was back-translated into Korean to ensure the translation was correct. The final questionnaire was administered to 600 subjects. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, reliability analysis, and structural equation model analysis were conducted for data analysis. The results of this study were as follows: Five factors were extracted for Weibo characteristics: interaction, information provision, information recency, information reliability, and information playfulness. The information reliability, information playfulness, and interaction of SNS accounts(Weibo) had significant influences on perceived usefulness. The information playfulness, information reliability, and information recency showed significant influences on satisfaction. The perceived usefulness exerted significant influences on satisfaction and brand loyalty. The satisfaction also had statistically significant influences on brand loyalty.

Developments in the recent media era has made distortion possible in accordance with changes in the fashion industry as new clothing, technologies, and fusions have become available. Nevertheless, previous studies of specific types of clothing, and their classification for the purpose of research are lacking. Thus, this study examines the development of the Pomme de look and the form of modern variant that appears in fashion clothing and new technologies, and largely examines the clothing case to clean it up. The method employed is leading research that examines the transformation about the concept of the Pomme de look with regard to the fashion about the type of look in the 2000s and onwards. This is organized in accordance with the analytical and physical characteristics, and the esthetic aspects of the results are as follows. The conclusions reached as follows are based on this; first, the physical characteristic manner when based on previous looks, the two-dimensional deformation for making clothes, if there was a simple way, now has more dimensions. Clothes are made in a complex manner and variations emerge. Second, esthetic characteristics strive for beauty while also displaying the modified and more complex manners of clothing that are emerging. Third, the fusion clothing with machines effects to physical and psychological changes through the details about how the sensor is worn. The enemy, the appearance of distortion, and clothing are emerging. This is expected to grow further based on the rapid development of new technologies and the transformation of Pomme de look and design will appear in more varied ways to create a convergence.

The study purpose was to investigate the jacket-fit satisfaction level of men in their 20s and 30s, using body-scanning data and a questionnaire. Thirty-five men were scanned using a 3D body scanner. The participants were divided into three groups (Small, Medium, and Large) based on their chest-circumference measurement. Their levels of satisfaction with the fit of their tailored jacket were compared by group. Chest, waist, and hip circumferences increased substantially as group size increased. The M-group was mostly satisfied with all body-site views. The S-group was especially dissatisfied with height, back width, waist circumference, and upper-arm circumference. The L-group was especially dissatisfied with waist circumference and hip circumference. The majority of the participants preferred the jacket closely fitted to their body. More than half of the participants thought finding a jacket of suitable size was difficult. When purchasing ready-to-wear jackets, the S-group and the M-group considered shoulder width important, while the L-group considered chest circumference the most important area. When evaluating the fit of ready-to-wear jackets, the L-group evaluated chest circumference, back width, and waist circumference as poor fits. The M-group evaluated sleeve length and shoulder width as poor fits, and the S-group agreed with respect to sleeve length. Body-satisfaction levels and matching jacket-satisfaction levels differed by body-size group, as did areas that need improvement. The conclusion is that size-group analysis using 3D body scanning can be utilized effectively for jacket-fit analysis. The findings of the current study can be applied to improving jacket fit among young male consumers.

This study reports the effects of text chat on EFL students’ writing fluency, accuracy, and complexity, investigating whether its effects differ according to the interlocutor. The experimental design employed three text chat groups: one between two nonnative speakers (NNS-NNS); another between a nonnative speaker and a native speaker (NNS-NS); and the other between a nonnative speaker and a nativelike chatbot (NNS-NC). 78 college students of English as a foreign language between 19 to 22 years old were sampled and assigned into the three groups, each consisting of 30, 20, and 28, respectively. Over a 16-week period, they engaged in ten 10-minute-long chat sessions. All groups were tested before and after the treatment. A paired-samples t-test was conducted to compare preand post-test scores as far as fluency, accuracy, and complexity concerned. To find out the differences between mean scores of the groups, a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was run. Results indicated that all three groups showed significant improvement in accuracy while only NNS-NS and NNS-NC groups did in fluency. No effects for complexity were evident. In terms of group differences, no statistical significance was detected. Participants’ perceptions of English learning and text chat positively changed overall. This study has pedagogical implications for EFL teachers, students, and researchers.

월악산 국립공원에서 2009년 1월부터 2013년 12월까지 5년간 낙엽생산량과 낙엽을 통해 임상으로 이입되는 영양염류량을 조사하였다. 잎, 가지, 생식기관, 기타로 분류된 낙엽의 5년간 평균 생산량은 각각 1.940 ±0.21, 0.505 ± 0.15, 0.259 ± 0.09, and 0.737 ± 0.14 t ㏊-1 yr-1 이었으며 낙엽구성원의 비율은 각각 56.4, 14.7, 7.5, 21.4%, 로 잎의 비율이 가장 높았다. 조사기간 동안 생산된 낙엽의 총량은 2009년부터 2013년까지 각각 2.810, 3.796, 3.268, 3.284, 4.045 ton ㏊-1 yr-1 으로, 5년간 평균 3.441 ± 0.49 ton ㏊-1 yr-1의 낙엽이 생산되었다. 조사기간 동안 조사된 낙엽을 통해 입상에 이입되는 질소, 인, 칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘의 평균 이입량은 각각 22.73 ± 4.92, 1.05 ± 0.42, 4.26 ± 1.69, 8.48 ± 4.62, 2.42 ± 1.01 ㎏ ㏊-1 yr-1 이었다.

Cu-Fe alloys (CFAs) are much anticipated for use in electrical contacts, magnetic recorders, and sensors. The low cost of Fe has inspired the investigation of these alloys as possible replacements for high-cost Cu-Nb and Cu-Ag alloys. Here, alloys of Cu and Fe having compositions of Cu100-xFex (x = 10, 30, and 50 wt.%) are prepared by gas atomization and characterized microstructurally and structurally based on composition and powder size with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Grain sizes and Fe-rich particle sizes are measured and relationships among composition, powder size, and grain size are established. Same-sized powders of different compositions yield different microstructures, as do differently sized powders of equal composition. No atomic-level alloying is observed in the CFAs under the experimental conditions.

This study investigated how pre-service English teachers develop and use MICT (mobile information and communication technology)-TPACK (technological pedagogy and content knowledge) to select and use mobile applications for their micro teaching in a pre-service teacher training program. Although mobile technology has rapidly developed with the adoption of mobile multimedia devices and applications, the use of pre-service teachers’ TPACK is still limited to lower-level searches and to a mere tool for content presentations. The participants were nine students in a pre-service teacher training course in a four-year women’s university. Several research methods such as surveys, participant observations, micro teaching and interviews were utilized. The results of the study show the concept of TPACK needs to be extended to MICT-TPACK in this mobile age. The use of pre-service English teachers’ MICT-TPACK impacted and changed their concept of pedagogy to heutagogy. The teachers used mobile applications to facilitate their students’ inquiry-based learning of English as a subject as well as a medium of digital literacy. In order to select mobile applications for their lesson, the teachers developed a modified version of quality criteria for mobile applications. This study suggests there should be well-developed quality criteria for evaluating affordances of mobile applications.

In this study, the effects of anticipated regret and perceived uncertainty on price sensitivity or purchase hesitation in overseas purchasing are analyzed along with the effects of price sensitivity on purchase hesitation. The survey was conducted among internet fashion consumers with experience in overseas purchasing and 480 responses were used in the data analysis. The results showed the psychosocial anticipated regret positively influenced the price importance, and the service, product and psychosocial anticipated regret positively influenced the price search. The preference and psychology uncertainty positively influenced the price importance, and the information and psychology uncertainty positively influenced the price search. The price importance positively influenced payment stage hesitation and shopping cart abandonment, and the price search positively influenced purchase hesitation in overseas purchasing. The functional, service and psychosocial anticipated regret positively influenced payment stage hesitation, and the service and psychosocial anticipated regret positively influenced shopping cart abandonment and overall purchase hesitation. In addition, the perceived uncertainty positively influenced the payment stage hesitation, and the information and psychology uncertainty positively influenced the shopping cart abandonment and overall purchase hesitation. The results of this study will be helpful for developing the marketing strategy for customer relationship management for overseas internet shopping web-sites.

Background: Sitting posture influences movements of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints and changes the shoulder muscle activities. The development and maintenance of correct sitting posture is important for the fundamental treatment of shoulder pain during rehabilitation. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the sitting postures and the shoulder movements on shoulder muscle activities for both male and female. Methods: Twenty-eight subjects without shoulder-related diseases participated in this experiment. The subjects had randomly adopted three different sitting postures (upright posture, preferred posture, maximum slouched posture) and shoulder flexion angles in scapular plane (30˚, 90˚, 120˚). Surface electrodes were collected from upper trapezius (UT), anterior deltoid (AD), and posterior deltoid (PD) and the active shoulder range of motion was measured in each sitting posture and shoulder flexion angle. Results: The active range of motions of the shoulder external rotation and the flexion in the scapular plane decreased from the upright posture to the maximum slouched posture (p<.05, mixed-effect linear regression with random intercept, Tukey post-hoc analysis). All muscles showed the highest EMG activities at 120˚ shoulder flexion with the maximum slouched posture and did not show the gender differences. Conclusion: Increased shoulder muscle activities may become the potential risk factor for the shoulder impairment and pain if people continuously maintain the maximum slouched posture. Therefore, an upright position is necessary during shoulder exercises, as well as in activities of daily living, including motions involving lifting the arms.

Electrochemical properties and performance of composites performed by incorporating metal oxide or metal hydroxide on carbon materials based on graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT) were analyzed. From the surface analysis by field emission scanning electron microscopy and field emission transmission electron microscopy, it was confirmed that graphene, CNT and metal materials are well dispersed in the ternary composites. In addition, structural and elemental analyses of the composite were conducted. The electrochemical characteristics of the ternary composites were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 6 M KOH, or 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution. The highest specific capacitance was 1622 F g–1 obtained for NiCo-containing graphene with NiCo ratio of 2 to 1 (GNiCo 2:1) and the GNS/single-walled carbon nanotubes/Ni(OH)2 (20 wt%) composite had the maximum specific capacitance of 1149 F g–1. The specific capacitance and rate-capability of the CNT/MnO2/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were improved as compared to the MnO2/RGO composites without CNTs. The MnO2/RGO composite containing 20 wt% CNT with reference to RGO exhibited the best specific capacitance of 208.9 F g–1 at a current density of 0.5 A g–1 and 77.2% capacitance retention at a current density of 10 A g–1.

The purpose of this study is to identify differences in the Systemic reaction, Vertical jump and Side step of Judo, Taekwondo, Kendo elite athletes The Total Health Promotion Plan was used to measure systemic reactions, vertical jump and side steps. In the results of the study, systemic reaction was significantly different between Judo player and Taekwondo player (p<0.05). Vertical jump did not differ between groups. Side step was significantly different between Kendo player, Judo player, Judo player and Taekwondo player, Taekwondo player and Kendo player (p<0.05). This study suggests that systemic reaction, vertical jump and side step are different for each sport.

Purpose of this study is to describe the treatment, surgery, rehabilitation and return to daily life subject pectoralis major muscle rupture. The in patient with was a 26 years old, injured in training due to hyperextension and external rotation. Physical examination, manual test, and MRI were used to diagnose pectoral muscle rupture and operation took for the pectoralis major muscle rupture with allograft. The subject was referred for rehabilitation from 3 weeks. Range of motion (ROM) exercise was mainly performed until 3 months, strength was performed with tubing band, body weight, machine training and proprioceptive exercise. Shoulder range of motion (external rotation, flexion) were measured with goniometer and muscle strength (flexion, adduction, internal rotation) were measured with dynamometer. At 6momths, external rotation ROM was 50° (unaffected side 60°), and flexion almost recovered at 3 months. Muscle strength was gradually increased to 6.2kg, 15.7kg, and 27.0kg in flexion, while internal rotation The pain remained slightly after 9 months. The present results suggest that ROM exercise and strengthening exercise increase the muscle power and ROM, and decrease the pain.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of fatigue and stress in seafarers. Ninety healthy adults were recruited and cumulative fatigue, stress index and stress resistance of seafarers were measured using autonomic nervous system analysis device (SA-6000; Medicoa Co. Ltd. Korea). The stress index had a significant correlation with the degree of resistance (p<.01). Cumulative fatigue and the stress index had a strong positive correlation (r=.781) with the stress resistance, cumulative fatigue had a strong negative correlation (r=.782) (p<0.01). Furthermore, the stress index had a strong negative correlation with the degree of resistance (r=.924) (p<.01). The present study indicate that there are significant correlation between the cumulative fatigue and stress index, cumulative fatigue and stress resistance, as well as stress index and stress resistance in the seafarers (p<.01).

The aim of this study was to select various fungal strains indigenous to Korea that have the potential to produce cellulases, including filter paper activity (FPase), endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EG), and β-glucosidase (BGL). Among the 25 species of Ascomycetes and the 32 species of Basidiomycetes tested in this study, the Bjerkandera adusta KUC10565, Heterobasidion orientale KUC10556, Hyphoderma praetermissum KUC10609, and Trichoderma harzianum KUC1716 all exhibited remarkably high FPase activity. In addition, the T. harzianum KUC1716 showed high levels of EG and BGL activity. This strain has been selected for further study because of their enzymatic potential.

목적: 본 연구는 대학생의 눈 피로도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고, 대학생의 눈피로도를 분석하여 눈 피로도 감소를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 방법: 대학교에 재학 중인 대학생 270명을 대상으로 눈 피로를 평가 설문을 하였고, 맥모니설문으로 건 성안증후군의 유무를 확인하여 한 통계방법으로 분석하였다. 결과: 눈 피로도에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 독서 시간(p=0.00), 독서 거리(p=0.05), 독서 자세(p=0.00), TV 시청 거리(p=0.01), 컴퓨터 사용 시간(p=0.01), 스마트폰 사용 시간(p=0.00)이 유의한 결과로 나타났으며 건성안증후군이 있는 사람과 눈 피로도와의 관계도 유의하게 나타났다(p=0.00). 결론: 독서 시간, 컴퓨터 및 스마트폰의 사용 시간, 독서 거리와 독서 자세가 눈 피로도에 영향을 미치고, 눈 피로도가 높을수록 건성안증후군 점수가 높게 나타났다. 이에 대학생들의 눈 피로도 감소를 위한 적정한 멀티미디어의 사용시간과 거리 및 독서 자세에 관한 후속연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

목적: 본 연구는 건성안 증후군이 눈 피로도와 주의집중력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 시기능 이상이 없고 콘택트렌즈를 착용하지 않으며 양안 교정시력이 0.8 이상인 19 ~ 83세(평균 연령 40.27세)의 512명을 대상으로 하였다. 일반적인 특성(성별, 연령, 음주 및 흡연 여부), 건성안증후군, 눈 피로도 검사의 설문점수 및 주의집중력의 하위요인별로 검사하여 분석하였다. 결과: 대상자 중 여자가 312명(60.9%)으로 남자보다 많았고 평균 나이는 40.27세이었다. 음주를 하는 응답자가 260명(50.8%)으로 하지 않는 응답자보다 많았으며, 비흡연자가 438명(85.5%)으로 흡연자보다 많 았다. 건성안증후군은 나이, 성별, 흡연, 음주, 눈 피로도와 정적상관을 나타냈으며, 주의집중력의 하위요인 BET, NAR, OET, RED에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 결론: 건성안증후군은 그렇지 않은 사람보다 주의집중력이 낮았고, 건성안증후군이 증가하면 눈 피로도 가 높아졌다.

목적: 본 연구는 운무법을 활용한 방사선 시표를 사용하여 측정한 토릭 소프트 렌즈 회전량과 세극등 현 미경을 사용하여 측정한 회전량을 비교 및 분석하여 방사선 시표를 사용한 렌즈 회전 평가가 유용한지 알아 보고자 하였다. 방법: 난시가 존재하는 58안을 대상으로 토릭 소프트 렌즈를 피팅하였다. 방사선 시표를 사용하여 렌즈 회전량을 측정하고 동일한 피검자 대상으로 세극등 현미경으로 측정한 렌즈 회전량과 비교하였다. 결과: 방사선 시표, 세극등 현미경을 사용한 방법으로 측정한 토릭 소프트 렌즈의 회전량은 각각 12.93 ±4.59ﾟ, 9.68±4.39ﾟ로 나타났고, 서로 다른 두 방법을 통한 측정값들 사이에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보여주었다(p<0.05). 방사선 시표를 사용하여 측정한 렌즈 회전량이 10ﾟ이하인 경우 동일한 피검자 대상으 로 세극등 현미경으로 측정한 렌즈 회전량과 비교하면 7.26±1.31ﾟ로 회전량 10ﾟ이하 범위에 모두 포함되었 다. 마찬가지로 방사선 시표를 사용하여 측정한 렌즈 회전량이 11ﾟ∼20ﾟ범위인 경우 동일한 피검자 대상으 로 세극등 현미경으로 측정한 렌즈 회전량과 비교하면 15.53 ±3.60ﾟ로 회전량 11ﾟ∼20ﾟ 범위에 모두 포함 되었다. 결론: 운무법을 활용한 방사선 시표를 사용한 렌즈의 회전량 측정은 10ﾟ이하와 11ﾟ∼20ﾟ사이의 회전량을 구분하는 방법으로서 유용성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.