Background: Despite its high prevalence, interventions in plantar fasciitis remain inconclusive. To improve the daily life of plantar fasciitis patients, it is necessary to identify appropriate interventions to improve pain and foot pressure and balance. Improving the interventions for plantar fasciitis is one of the main goals for rehabilitation. Objectives: To investigate the changes in pain and static-dynamic foot pressure and balance through the evaluation of 42 plantar fasciitis patient before and after the foot stretching and joint mobilization interventions. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The 42 subjects of the study were divided into a stretching group and a joint mobilization group with 21 subjects being assigned to each group. The results before and after the experiment were analyzed by applying stretching and joint movement interventions for a total of 6 weeks. Results: Before and after the intervention, there were significant improvements in the pain index and static-dynamic foot pressure and static balance in both stretching and joint mobilization groups. However, the between-group comparison indicated no significant differences. Conclusion: The stretching and the joint mobilization can improve the pain and static-dynamic foot pressure and static balance in plantar fasciitis patients.

To investigate the effect of the catalyst and metal–support interaction on the methane decomposition behavior and physical properties of the produced carbon, catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) was studied using Ni/SiO2 catalysts with different metal–support interactions (synthesized based on the presence or absence of urea). During catalyst synthesis, the addition of urea led to uniform and stable precipitation of the Ni metal precursor on the SiO2 support to produce Ni-phyllosilicates that enhanced the metal–support interaction. The resulting catalyst upon reduction showed the formation of uniform Ni0 particles (< 10 nm) that were smaller than those of a catalyst prepared using a conventional impregnation method (~ 80 nm). The growth mechanisms of methane-decomposition-derived carbon nanotubes was base growth or tip growth according to the metal–support interaction of the catalysts synthesized with and without urea, respectively. As a result, the catalyst with Ni-phyllosilicates resulting from the addition of urea induced highly dispersed and strongly interacting Ni0 active sites and produced carbon nanotubes with a small and uniform diameter via the base-growth mechanism. Considering the results, such a Ni-phyllosilicate-based catalyst are expected to be suitable for industrial base grown carbon nanotube production and application since as-synthesized carbon nanotubes can be easily harvested and the catalyst can be regenerated without being consumed during carbon nanotube extraction process.

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are 0D quasi-spherical nanoparticles that are less than 10 nm in size. CNDs that possess surface functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl groups have been demonstrated to scavenge free radicals efficiently and effectively, resulting in them being beneficial for cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications. In this study, we successfully prepared novel CNDs, namely black VC, using vitamin C (VC) as a promising precursor. Black VC was prepared by a facile one-step method based on short-time microwave irradiation. The properties of black VC were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectrophotometry. Radical scavenging, cell viability, and anti-pollution activity assays were also conducted to demonstrate the functionalities of black VC. The developed black VC exhibited lower cytotoxicity and better antioxidant, metal chelating ability, and anti-pollution activities than its precursor. These results provide a new approach for developing advanced antioxidants for innovative cosmetic formulations using a simple microwave treatment method. However, black VC retained some problems of its precursor in the form of low stability, which is likely to be a challenge for its cosmeceutical application.

A mixture of elemental Co50Si50 powders was subjected to mechanical alloying (MA) at room temperature to prepare a CoSi thermoelectric compound. Consolidation of the Co50Si50 mechanically alloyed powders was performed in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) machine using graphite dies up to 800 °C and 1,000 °C under 50 MPa. We have revealed that a nanocrystalline CoSi thermoelectric compound can be produced from a mixture of elemental Co50Si50 powders by mechanical alloying after 20 hours. The average grain size estimated from a Hall plot of the CoSi intermetallic compound prepared after 40 hours of MA was 65 nm. The degree of shrinkage of the consolidated samples during SPS became significant at about 450 °C. All of the compact bodies had a high relative density of more than 94 % with a metallic glare on the surface. X-ray diffraction data showed that the SPS compact produced by sintering mechanically alloyed powders for 40-hours up to 800 °C consisted of only nanocrystalline CoSi with a grain size of 110 nm.

The records system is believed to have started in Italy in the 14th century in line with trade developments in Europe. In 1491, Luca Pacioli, a mathematician, and an Italian Franciscan monk wrote the first book that described double-entry accounting processes. In many countries, including Korea, the government accounting standards used single-entry bookkeeping rather than double-entry bookkeeping that can be aggregated by account subject. The cash-based and single-entry bookkeeping used by the government in the past had limitations in providing clear information on financial status and establishing a performance-oriented financial management system. Accordingly, the National Accounting Act (promulgated in October 2007) stipulated the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping and accrual accounting systems in the government sector from January 1, 2009. Furthermore, the Korean government has also introduced International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and the System of National Accounts (SNA). Since 2014, Korea owned five national accounts. In Korea, valuation began with the 1968 National Wealth Statistics Survey. The academic origins of the valuation of national wealth statistics which had been investigated by due diligence every 10 years since 1968 are based on the 'Engineering Valuation' of professor Marston in the Department of Industrial Engineering at Iowa State University in the 1930s. This field has spread to economics, etc. In economics, it became the basis of capital stock estimation for positive economics such as econometrics. The valuation by the National Wealth Statistics Survey contributed greatly to converting the book value of accounting data into vintage data. And in 2000 National Statistical Office collected actual disposal data for the 1-digit asset class and obtained the ASL(average service life) by Iowa curve. Then, with the data on fixed capital formation centered on the National B/S Team of the Bank of Korea, the national wealth statistics were prepared by the Permanent Inventory Method(PIM). The asset classification was also classified into 59 types, including 2 types of residential buildings, 4 types of non-residential buildings, 14 types of structures, 9 types of transportation equipment, 28 types of machinery, and 2 types of intangible fixed assets. Tables of useful lives of tangible fixed assets published by the Korea Appraisal Board in 1999 and 2013 were made by the Iowa curve method. In Korea, the Iowa curve method has been adopted as a method of ASL estimation. There are three types of the Iowa curve method. The retirement rate method of the three types is the best because it is based on the collection and compilation of the data of all properties in service during a period of recent years, both properties retired and that are still in service. We hope the retirement rate method instead of the individual unit method is used in the estimation of ASL. Recently Korean government’s accounting system has been developed. When revenue expenditure and capital expenditure were mixed in the past single-entry bookkeeping we would like to suggest that BOK and National Statistical Office have accumulated knowledge of a rational difference between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. In particular, it is important when it is estimated capital stock by PIM. Korea also needs an empirical study on economic depreciation like Hulten & Wykoff Catalog A of the US BEA.

ASL estimation of public building is based on how appropriate the maximum age of the asset is derived based on the age record of the asset in the statistical data owned by public institutions. This is because we get a 'constrained' ASL by that number. And it is especially true because other studies have assumed that the building is an Iowa curve R3. Also, in this study, the survival rate is 1% as the threshold value at which the survival curve and the predictable life curve almost coincide. Rather than a theoretical basis, in the national statistical survey, the value of residual assets was recognized from the net value of 10% of the acquisition value when the average service life has elapsed, and 1% when doubling the average service life has elapsed. It is based on the setting mentioned above. The biggest constraint in fitting statistical data to the Iowa curve is that the maximum ASL is selected at R3 150%, and the 'constrained' ASL is calculated by the proportional expression on the assumption that the Iowa curve is followed. In like manner constraints were considered. First, the R3 disposal curve for the RCC(reinforced cement concrete) building was prepared according to the discarding method in the 2000 work, and it was jointly worked on with the National Statistical Office to secure the maximum amount of vintage data, but the lacking of sample size must be acknowledged. Even after that, the National Statistical Office and the Bank of Korea have been working on estimating the Iowa curve for each asset class in the I-O table. Another limitation is that the asset classification uses the broad classification of buildings as a subcategory. Second, if there were such assets with a lifespan of 115 years that were acquired in 1905 and disposed of in 2020, these discarded data would be omitted from this ASL calculation. Third, it is difficult to estimate the correct Iowa curve based on the stub-curve even if there is disposal data because Korea has a relatively shorter construction history, accumulated economic wealth since the 1980’s. In other words, “constrained” ASL is an under-estimation of its ASL. Considering the fact that Korea was an economically developing country in the past and during rapid economic development, environmental factors such as asset accumulation and economic ability should be considered. Korea has a short period of accumulation of economic wealth, and the history of 'proper' architectures faithful to building regulations and principles is short and as a result, buildings 'not built properly' and 'proper' architectures are mixed. In this study, ASL of RCC public building was estimated at 70 years.

목적 : 본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 제7기(2016-2018) 원시자료를 이용하여, 녹내장에 영향을 미칠 수 요소 들과 그 연관성 정도를 파악하고자 하였다. 방법 : 녹내장 의사진단여부 및 만성질환에 응답한 만 30세 이상의 성인 총 5,244명을 대상으로, 녹내장에 영 향을 미칠 수 있는 신체활동과 만성질환 유병간의 기술통계 분석과 로지스틱회귀분석을 하였다. p<0.050인 경우 유의한 것으로 판단하였다. 결과 : 녹내장은 나이가 많아질수록 위험성이 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 녹내장을 가지고 있는 사람의 신체 활동은 하루 중 앉아서 지내는 시간이 길고, 일주일에 근육운동을 하는 횟수가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 변형 근로시간이 유의하게 많은 것으로 나타났다. 만성병과 관련하여서는 연령과 성별을 보정한 로지스틱회귀분석에서 이상지질혈증을 가지고 있는 사람들은 그렇지 않은 경우보다 녹내장의 발생 확률이 1.44배로 높아질 수 있는 것 으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 녹내장 발병에 영향을 미치는 요인을 광범위하게 분석했다는 점에 의의가 있으며, 녹내장에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 생활 속 요인들을 파악함으로써 녹내장 발생 및 유병의 진행을 늦추는데 도움이 되고자 한다.

동절기 절화장미의 양액재배 시 생장조절제 종류 및 처리농 도에 따른 생육변화에 대해 검토하였다. 장미 ‘수려(Suryeo)’ 품종을 이용하여 동절기 양액재배 시 생장조절제인 BA, CCC, Kinetin, 4-CPA, TDZ를 농도별로 처리하였다. 생장 조절제 중에 Kinetin, BA와 TDZ가 절화장미 ‘수려’ 품종 재 배생육에 영향을 주었다. Kinetin은 초장과 절화장이 길어지 고, 꽃잎수 및 상품수량이 증가하였으며, 처리농도에 따른 영 향이 비교적 안정적으로 나타났다. BA는 절화장 및 절화 수확 일수가 짧아지고 절화수량이 많아지며, 수확량 및 비상품화율 도 높아져 사용 시 주의가 필요하다. TDZ는 생육억제와 상품 수량이 감소하였으나, 그 외 CCC와 4-CPA처리시 영향은 크 지 않았다. ‘수려’와 같은 장미에 동절기 생장조절제 처리시 생육과 수량을 높이기 위해서는 Kinetin 처리가 효과적인 것 으로 보인다. 향후에도 동절기 절화장미 생산성 향상을 위해 서 더 많은 생장조절제 처리 및 농도에 대한 연구가 지속적으 로 이루어 져야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Lovenia elongata is a member of the family Loveniidae and is one of the most common tropical echinoids. This species has a broad distribution range in the sub- and tropical regions of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, extending from the Mozambique to the Hawaiian Islands, and from southern Japan to northern Australia. It is commonly found in subtidal areas and on coral reefs within these regions. This species was for the first time recorded from the Ulleungdo Island, Korea. This species is characterized by a teardrop-shaped test that reaches up to 5 cm in length, with a deep groove at the front and tapered at the back end. The petaloid is not obvious, and the primary spines are long and banded. This study is the first to report the newly recorded L. elongata in Korea.

접목선인장은 수출 화훼류 중 중요한 부분을 차지하는 품목 으로 품종 육성과 재배 기술의 개발이 꾸준히 요구된다. 품종 육성은 접목선인장에서 적색 외에도 다양한 색상의 품종이 요 구되어 접목선인장의 품종 개발에 대한 요구를 충족하고자 밝 은 분홍색이 선명하고, 기호도가 좋은 ‘연실(YeonSil)’ 품종을 육성하였다. 접목선인장 ‘연실’은 국립원예특작과학원에서 구 의 색상이 흑·분홍색인 ‘0105057’계통을 모본으로 하고 같은 흑·분홍색인 ‘BP72’를 부본으로 교배하여 얻은 실생 품종(등 록번호 제 3920호)이다. ‘연실(YeonSil)’은 편원형으로 구색 은 분홍색(RP N66B)에 돌출된 결각(tubercle)이 있는 모양 으로 대조구 ‘연시’보다 높은 기호도를 가졌다. 재배 방법을 달리하여 육성된 ‘연실’ 품종을 토경과 양액재배(저면매트를 활용한 양액급액)방법으로 재배 후 생육 특성을 검토하였다. 접목선인장 재배방법에 따른 토양재배와 양액재배 방법 간 생 육에 다소 차이를 보였으며, 양액재배에서 우수한 경향을 보 였다. 생육 중 저면 매트를 활용한 양액재배가 토경재배보다 생체중, 구폭, 구고, 구중이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 접목 선인장 재배에서 토양재배는 뿌리썩음병 등의 병 발생 문제가 심각하여 저면매트를 활용한 양액재배가 토양재배를 대신하 는 효율적인 방법으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 접목선인장에서 품종 개발과 함께 재배방법에 대한 일괄적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of the study was to analyze effectiveness of Korea’s bilateral development cooperation for the agricultural sector in Myanmar using secondary time-series data from 1991 and 2018. This study utilized the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Results showed that Korea’s bilateral development cooperation in the agricultural sector had a positive effect on the agricultural GDP in Myanmar with a significant contribution. This study suggests that the Myanmar government needs to use ODA (Official Development Assistance) for efficient and sustainable agriculture in a more timely and manageable manner. Although the agricultural sector in Myanmar has great potential for development, there are various weaknesses such as the lack of access to foreign aid compared to other ASEAN countries due to the lack of stability in policy legislation. If it formulates better agricultural policies, laws, and legislation, there would be more support from Korea and other partner countries than ever before.

본 연구는 칼랑코에(Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) ‘Discodip’ 의 출하 후 토양수분이 분화품질 및 수명에 미치는 형태적·생리적 영향을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 분화 토양수분 처리는 고습(80% 이상)과 저습(40% 이하)으로 하였고, 분화수명, 분 화수명 종료 증상과 형태적 요인인 지상부와 지하부 생체중 및 건물중, 개화된 꽃 수, 출하 시 대비 개화율을 조사하였고, 생리적 요인은 잎의 엽록소함량 및 엽록소형광(Fv/Fm), 기공크 기 변화율을 분석하였다. 분화수명은 토양 고습 처리구(28.3 일)가 토양 저습 처리구(27.4일)보다 0.9일 높았으나 유의차 는 없었다. 분화수명 종료시점인 출하 4주 후 지하부 생체중 과 건물중, 개화된 꽃 수, 출하 대비 개화율은 토양 고습 처리 구에서 저습 처리구보다 높았다. 잎의 엽록소함량 및 엽록소 형광, 기공크기 변화율은 출하 4주 후 토양 고습 처리구에서 저습 처리구보다 수치적으로 높았으나 유의차는 없었다. 따라 서 출하 후 토양 수분에 따라 분화 칼랑코에의 품질이 시간이 경과될수록 차이가 났으며, 토양수분이 칼랑코에의 분화 품질 에 미치는 중요한 요인이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

본 논문은 가상 부동산 게임을 통한 가상토지 거래와 분할 거래를 위한 가상 경제 플랫폼을 제안한다. 이것은 실제 존재하는 지구 위의 땅이 아닌 가상공간에서 설계된 3차원 공간을 거래하고 소유하는 가상 경제 플랫폼 에 관하여 연구이다. 이를 위해 메타버스를 이용하여 실제 지구의 모습과 유사한 가상의 지구를 세분화시켜 구현했다. 또한 블록체인 기술을 이용한 가상화폐를 통해 거래의 신뢰성을 가질 수 있게 했다. 게임의 특징으 로는 다음과 같다. 가상공간의 콘텐츠 서비스를 위한 프로세스 기능을 단순화했다. 또한 서비스의 차별화를 통하여 사용자의 진입 장벽을 최소화했으며, 게임을 통해 부동산 분할 매매와 분할임대를 위한 프로세스를 제 안했다. 또한 가상부동산에 대한 수익모델을 통하여 가상 경제 플랫폼에 대한 개념을 제안했다. 본 논문은 메 타버스와 블록체인 기술을 활용하여 기존 경제적 가치 개념을 가상 경제 플랫폼으로 활용하는 연구 모델로 제안한다.

An Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm(ACO) is one of the frequently used algorithms to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem(TSP). Since the ACO searches for the optimal value by updating the pheromone, it is difficult to consider the distance between the nodes and other variables other than the amount of the pheromone. In this study, fuzzy logic is added to ACO, which can help in making decision with multiple variables. The improved algorithm improves computation complexity and increases computation time when other variables besides distance and pheromone are added. Therefore, using the algorithm improved by the fuzzy logic, it is possible to solve TSP with many variables accurately and quickly. Existing ACO have been applied only to pheromone as a criterion for decision making, and other variables are excluded. However, when applying the fuzzy logic, it is possible to apply the algorithm to various situations because it is easy to judge which way is safe and fast by not only searching for the road but also adding other variables such as accident risk and road congestion. Adding a variable to an existing algorithm, it takes a long time to calculate each corresponding variable. However, when the improved algorithm is used, the result of calculating the fuzzy logic reduces the computation time to obtain the optimum value.

This study examined the subacute oral toxicity of Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév leaves hot-water extracts (DMWE) using male and female Spargue-Dawley rats. Rats were orally administered the DMWE at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) for four weeks. For experimental period, clinical signs and the number of deaths were examined, and feed intake and BW of all experimental animals were measured once a week for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from all rats, and all animals were euthanized and autopsies were performed to collect major organs. No dead animals were found during the experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and DMWE-treated groups in feed intakes, BW changes, organ weights, clinical signs, hematological parameters, and serum biochemical parameters. The results of this study provided evidence that oral administration of DMWE at the dose of 2,000 mg/kg BW is safe in rats and may not exert severe toxic effects.